This study was conducted to determine effects of methyltestosterone on innate immunity and adaptive immunity against Salmonella Pullorum in dwarf chicks. In vivo experiment, comparisons of pathological sections, viable counts of bacteria, specific antibody levels, and subsets of T lymphocytes were set forth between chicks with or without 10(-7) M methyltestosterone treatment (2 d of age through 21 d of age) and challenged with 5 x 10(8) virulent Salmonella Pullorum (7 d of age), and in vitro experiment, phagocytic and killing abilities, reactive oxygen intermediate production, and reactive nitrogen intermediate production of monocytes-macrophages treated with high (10(-8) M/10(6) cell) or physiological (10(-14) M/10(6) cell) concentration of methyltestosterone were examined after Salmonella Pullorum infection. The results showed that (1) in vivo, administration of methyltestosterone enhanced susceptibility to Salmonella Pullorum infection and depressed cellular immunity against Salmonella Pullorum, whereas it had no effect on humoral immunity in dwarf chicks; (2) in vitro, at high concentration, methyltestosterone reduced (P < 0.05) monocytes-macrophages mediated reactive oxygen intermediate-dependent killing of Salmonella Pullorum, whereas low concentration of methyltestosterone enhanced (P < 0.05) reactive oxygen intermediate-dependent killing of Salmonella Pullorum in male dwarf chicks but not in females; and (3) although challenged with Salmonella Pullorum, phagocytic ability and monocytes-macrophages mediated reactive nitrogen intermediate-dependent killing were not affected by methyltestosterone in vitro. The results indicated that methyltestosterone affected the immune response to Salmonella Pullorum in dwarf chicks by changing monocytes-macrophages mediated reactive oxygen intermediate-dependent killing and cellular immunity, and the effects were dose-dependent; furthermore, the former 2 pathways played important roles in preventing Salmonella Pullorum infection in dwarf chicks, although the mechanism needs further study.
ZnO can be used as a UV light emitter and ZnO could be used to excite phosphors to produce white light. ZnO p-n junctions was reported with phosphorus doping [1]. However is needed to develop new and easily p-doping methods for formation of p-n junctions in ZnO. We reported a simple and novel homemade system to obtained ZnO p-type. ZnO n-type single crystal substrates were obtained from MTI Corporation. The Arsenic doping was introducing through arsenic diffusion mechanism. p-n junctions have been formed in single-crystal ZnO substrates by diffusion of As. The properties of ZnO:As films were studied by x-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray spectroscopy (XPS), Raman scattering and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Hall-effect measurements were done at room temperature. A decrease on carrier concentration, mobility and resistivity were obtained. The decrease on the electrical values is related to self compensation between native defects and arsenic interstitials. ZnO p-type thin film layer was obtained by simple method with As diffusion on ZnO single crystal.
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