Although playing of Internet games may lead to Internet gaming disorder (IGD), most game-users do not develop problems and only a relatively small subset experiences IGD. Game playing may have positive health associations, whereas IGD has been repeatedly associated with negative health measures, and it is thus important to understand differences between individuals with IGD, recreational (non-problematic) game use (RGU) and non-/low-frequency game use (NLFGU). Individuals with IGD have shown differences in neural activations from non-gamers, yet few studies have examined neural differences between individuals with IGD, RGU and NLFGU. Eighteen individuals with IGD, 21 with RGU and 19 with NFLGU performed a color-word Stroop task and a guessing task assessing reward/loss processing. Behavioral and functional imaging data were collected and compared between groups. RGU and NLFGU subjects showed lower Stroop effects as compared with those with IGD. RGU subjects as compared to those with IGD demonstrated less frontal cortical activation brain activation during Stroop performance. During the guessing task, RGU subjects showed greater cortico-striatal activations than IGD subjects during processing of winning outcomes and greater frontal brain during processing of losing outcomes. Findings suggest that RGU as compared with IGD subjects show greater executive control and greater activations of brain regions implicated in motivational processes during reward processing and greater cortical activations during loss processing. These findings suggest neural and behavioral features distinguishing RGU from IGD and mechanisms by which RGU may be motivated to play online games frequently yet avoid developing IGD.
Abstract. The paper introduced the model of the additive tectonics stress from celestial tide-generating force. The model can be used to explain the relationship between additive tectonics stress and seismic fault sliding. According to the periodic changes of the additive tectonics stress, the temperature is analyzes based on the temperature data of NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction) which are gathered for a period of time before and after the Hokkaido, Japan earthquake (25 September 2003). It is found that the abnormal increasing of the temperature is significantly associated with the seismic deformation, even if the epicenter was covered by the clouds. The effect of the additive tectonics stress on activities of the fault is to trigger it at a time when the stress level has already reached an advanced stage as indicated by the temperature increase. Based on this model, it is possible to forewarn short-impending earthquakes.
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