1. In an examination of Park Grass soils extending over 3 years, and in shorter studies of other grassland soils, the fresh soil always contained more ammonia than nitrate nitrogen. The levels of both were low, and in spite of minor fluctuations were sufficiently constant to suggest the existence of equilibrium conditions in the nitrogen cycle. Climatic factors had no appreciable influence except on one very acid plot; here frost or drought, severe enough to kill the herbage, allowed ammonia to accumulate. Otherwise, treatment had little effect, but liming tended to give higher ammonia and lower nitrate levels. The equilibrium levels of both ammonia and nitrate were higher in old grassland soils than in land newly put down to grass.2. “Mineralizable” nitrogen, produced by incubating the fresh soils under standard conditions, showed a seasonal rhythm the opposite of the annual temperature rhythm, tending to a maximum in winter and early spring and a minimum in summer and early autumn. This was related to the addition and decay of organic residues in the soil. An abnormally dry summer caused a temporary rise, especially on the more acid plots. An extremely acid plot, on which a mat accumulated in the field, produced as much mineralizable nitrogen on incubation as more normal soils.3. Ammonia and nitrate production on incubation differed greatly with different treatments, apparently as a result of the influence of treatment on soil reaction. The more acid soils, with pH less than 6.0, produced chiefly ammonia, while the less acid soils produced chiefly nitrate. There was a significant correlation between reaction and percentage nitrification.
1. The work described in the present series of papers was undertaken with the object of ascertaining the best conditions for the use of calcium cyanamide and of comparing it against older nitrogenous fertilisers. Earlier work has in part been repeated so as to ascertain whether the recent improvements in manufacture have overcome the difficulties encountered with the pre-War product.2. The decomposition of cyanamide to urea can be brought about by a number of minerals likely to occur in the coarser fractions of the soil. The decomposition of cyanamide by soil proceeds according to a logarithmic law such that the rate of disappearance is proportional to the concentration of cyanamide in the soil water.
It frequently happens that an agricultural treatment of great potential benefit to a nation is not generally adopted because steps were not taken to obtain the information needed to make sound recommendations to farmers. Only field experiments on a large scale can provide this. Experience with fertilizers shows that few countries lack the resources for this work, and the total cost is negligible in comparison with the national gains.
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