Abstract-This paper presents a novel resistively loaded antenna design for microwave breast cancer detection.The antenna is planar and ultra-compact, and can be easily manufactured using PCB technology with embedded thin-film resistive layers. Through numerical simulations, the antenna demonstrates a return loss below −10 dB over a wide frequency range from 2 to 35 GHz. For pulse radiation in the ultra-wideband (UWB) range in a biological medium, the antenna shows an excellent fidelity above 0.95 and a relatively high radiation efficiency of 39.21% in comparison to resistively loaded antennas. In addition, a design rule guideline is presented for designing the antenna to radiate in a specific background medium and with a given lower operating frequency. Finally, a complete microstrip feed design is presented for the antenna operating in the UWB range.
This letter presents a parametric study of a miniaturized, microstrip-fed "Dark Eyes" antenna for pulsed biological sensing. The antenna is considered to be in a medium with dielectric properties similar to those of biological materials. The planar antenna can be easily manufactured using printed circuit board technology with thin-film resistive layers. Analysis indicates fidelity above 0.92 and broadband characteristics. The simulated efficiency, return loss, radiation patterns, and the near-field electric-field vector magnitude are also presented.
in Figure 3(e). This additional part was 53 3 33 3 1 mm 3 . Pictures of the fabricated antenna are shown in Figure 2. RESULTSThe simulated S 11 (dB) data of the 1D, 2D, and 3D loop, and the modified 3D loop, as well as the corresponding measured results are shown in Figure 3. The resonant frequency, bandwidth, and gain data are listed in Table 1.The resonant frequencies of the 1D, 2D, and 3D loops are 860, 950, and 720 MHz. Antenna bandwidths for the three loops are 5.0, 16.4, and 8.7%, respectively. The 2D loop has the widest bandwidth. Antenna realized gain increases from the 1D to 2D to 3D loops. From Table 1, the 3D loop has the highest gain. The total realized gain of the 3D loop is almost 3 dB higher than the 1D loop, which means that the 3D loop will be able to receive twice as much power when it is used in the receive mode of operation. Conversely, when it is used with a transmitter it will allow much larger range for the RFID application. For the modified 3D loop, simulated and measured resonant frequencies are 610 and 590 MHz, and the simulated and measured bandwidths are 8.1 and 8.0%, respectively.The radiation patterns of the 1D, 2D, and 3D loops are shown in Figures 4 and 5, respectively. As apparent the radiation pattern of the 3D loop is nearly isotopic. The radiation pattern of the 2D loop is better than that of the 1D loop. CONCLUSIONA new 3D loop antenna on a cube is introduced. Compared to a 1D and 2D loop antenna, the proposed 3D loop antenna has higher realized gain and a nearly isotropic radiation pattern, which makes it suitable for wireless sensing and energy harvesting applications. Furthermore, given its pattern robustness, it can also be used for indoor TV reception. We used this antenna to test indoor TV reception and were able to receive TV signal at around 670 MHz [6,7]. The channel received was CW 47 in Columbia, SC [6,7]. The proposed antenna can be miniaturized and scaled for use in many other applications if needed. A 10-km-long single mode fiber is used as the Brillouin gain medium, and an ultranarrow linewidth distributed feedback laser is used as Brillouin pump, while a 4-m-long unpumped polarization maintaining erbium-doped fiber and subring cavity suppress unwanted side modes. A 10.7 GHz microwave signal is detected by photodetector and the signal linewidth is about 300 kHz. Signal to noise ratio of the microwave signal is about 50 dB. The power and frequency of microwave signal is highly stable, with almost no fluctuations over the test period. STABLE MICROWAVE GENERATION BASED ON A BRILLOUIN FIBER LASER WITH SATURABLE ABSORBER
We present a method to incorporate the effect of the three-dimensional (3D) antenna radiation patterns into a two-dimensional (2D) multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) channel model. The proposed method is a low-complexity technique that increases the accuracy of existing 2D spatial channel model (SCM) proposed by 3GPP for performance analysis of long-term evolution (LTE) MIMO. Using a realistic 3D antenna field pattern and the 2D 3GPP SCM, the 3D-to-2D transform algorithm (3D-2D-TF) gives a 5% outage capacity within 0.5 b/s/Hz when compared to a higher complexity averaging approach using 18-cut planes (18-CP) of the 3D radiation pattern. This is achieved with 6% of the run-time complexity. By not including the elevation information, the original SCM 2D model gives an outage capacity prediction error of up to 2.4 b/s/Hz as compared to the 18-CP averaging approach. The 3D-2D-TF is therefore a promising low-complexity candidate that increases the accuracy of 2D channel models for MIMO 4G performance evaluations.
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