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Background There has been little research on extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD)

Acne is a complex, chronic and common skin disorder of pilosebaceous units. Although it is known that exacerbation of acne results from emotional stress, the nature of the association between stress and acne remains unclear. This is due in part to the lack of substantial evidence regarding the participation of cutaneous neurogenic factors in the pathogenesis of acne. Culture of sebocytes provides a new insight into the participation of neuropeptides, notably substance P (SP), in the pathophysiology of acne. To examine the possible involvement of neurogenic factors in the pathogenesis of acne, we used immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR to compare the expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), peroxisome proliferators activated receptors-gamma (PPAR-gamma) on the cultured sebocytes stimulated by SP. IL-1 is primarily proinflammatory cytokines to stimulate the expression of genes associated with inflammation. IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine with a wide range of biological activities and regulates inflammation. TNF-alpha is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine that exerts multiple biologic effects. PPAR-gamma is a nuclear hormone receptor and plays a unique role in stimulating sebocyte lipogenesis. More numerous immunoreactivity to IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha and PPAR-gamma and increased RNA amplification for IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha and PPAR-gamma were observed after addition of SP compared with the control. This study reveals that SP is involved in the pathogenesis of acne.

The s-wave K ± N scattering amplitude is computed up to one-loop order corresponding to next-to-next-to-leading order (or N 2 LO in short) with a heavy-baryon effective chiral Lagrangian. Constraining the low-energy constants by on-shell scattering lengths, we obtain contributions of each chiral order up to N 2 LO and find that the chiral corrections are "natural" in the sense of viable effective field theories. We have also calculated off-shell s-wave K − N scattering amplitudes relevant to kaonic atoms and K − condensation in "nuclear star" matter including the effect of Λ(1405). The K − p amplitude is found to be quite sensitive to the intermediate Λ(1405) contribution, while the K − n amplitude varies smoothly with the C.M. energy. The crossing-even one-loop corrections are found to play an important role in determining the higher-order chiral corrections. * Permanent address.

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