GaMnN growth on GaAs (100) using a GaN single precursor via molecular beam epitaxy was undertaken. The grown layers revealed p-type conduction. It is confirmed that p-GaMnN reveals room temperature ferromagnetism with hysteresis loop having a coercivity of ∼100 Oe. The segregated phase showing a transition temperature of ∼200 K is assigned to Mn3GaN, and which enhances the conductivity of the surrounding GaMnN region. As a consequence, the GaMnN layer with segregation revealed an anomalous Hall effect at room temperature proving magnetotransport in GaMnN phase. The enhanced conductivity of GaMnN by the highly conductive second phase also revealed the importance of the role of the free carriers in the carrier-mediated ferromagnetism.

SUMMARY This study investigated the profiles of IFN‐γ and its regulatory cytokines (IL‐12, IL‐18 and IL‐10) in response to a purified protein derivative (PPD) antigen in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 18 HIV‐negative patients with multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB), and compared them with those from 19 healthy tuberculin reactors (HTR). ELISA results showed that following stimulation with PPD, IFN‐γ production was significantly reduced, whereas production of both IL‐18 and IL‐10 was significantly elevated in MDRTB patients compared with HTR. Three out of 18 patients with MDRTB of greater than 4 years duration showed significantly elevated IL‐12 p70 production, induced by in vitro PPD stimulation of their PBMC, when compared with data from HTR. However, when taken as a group, MDRTB patients were similar to HTR in their IL‐12 p70‐producing capacity. IL‐12 p70 protein paralleled IL‐12 p40 protein expression. In addition, the production of IL‐12 p40 was significantly correlated with IL‐10 in all patients, but was not correlated with IFN‐γ. Neutralization of IL‐10 increased IL‐12 p40 about twofold, but did not significantly alter IFN‐γ induction in MDRTB. IFN‐γ in MDRTB was highly correlated with lymphoproliferation and CD4 counts, but was not correlated with IL‐12, IL‐18 or IL‐10 production. Our findings suggest that patients with MDRTB have dysregulated IL‐12, IL‐18 and IL‐10 production during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and the cytokine profiles are similar to those in patients with drug‐sensitive advanced TB previously reported in the literature. In addition, IL‐10 may not have a dominant role in defective IFN‐γ production in patients with MDRTB.

We estimated heritability () and genetic and phenotypic correlations for carcass and meat quality traits of longissimus dorsi (LD) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles in 30-mo-old Hanwoo steers. Variance and covariance components were estimated using REML procedures under univariate and bivariate models. The mean carcass weight (CWT), eye muscle area (EMA), back fat thickness (BFT), and marbling score (MS) were 428.20 ± 46.30 kg, 87.38 ± 8.54 cm2, 13.00 ± 5.14 mm, and 5.21 ± 1.56, respectively. The mean CIE reflectance of meat lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) were 40.01 ± 2.73, 22.37 ± 2.18, and 10.35 ± 1.46, respectively, in LD muscles and 36.33 ± 2.44, 22.91 ± 2.43, and 10.25 ± 1.65, respectively, in SM muscles. The mean Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), intramuscular fat content (IMF), water-holding capacity (WHC), and protein and ash content in LD and SM muscles were 3.84 ± 0.96 and 6.52 ± 1.21 kg, 15.91 ± 4.39 and 5.10 ± 1.94%, 62.07 ± 3.38 and 71.61 ± 2.06%, 20.01 ± 1.39 and 21.34 ± 0.89%, and 0.80 ± 0.10 and 0.93 ± 0.07, respectively. The estimates of CWT, EMA, BFT, and MS were 0.51 ± 0.13, 0.45 ± 0.13, 0.29 ± 0.09, and 0.22 ± 0.08, respectively. The estimates were moderate for meat quality traits and were 0.37 ± 0.12, 0.40 ± 0.12, 0.33 ± 0.10, 0.33 ± 0.10, 0.30 ± 0.11, and 0.24 ± 0.09 for L*, WBSF, IMF, WHC, and protein and ash content, respectively, in LD muscle; estimates from SM muscle were comparatively low (0.08 ± 0.06 to 0.25 ± 0.09). Estimates of for a* and b* were also low (0.08 ± 0.06 to 0.13 ± 0.07). Carcass weight had a moderate, positive genetic correlation with EMA (0.60 ± 0.13) and a weak correlation with MS and BFT. The genetic correlations among the 3 colorimeter variants were strong and positive within and between muscles. Intramuscular fat content had moderate to strong and negative genetic correlations with WBSF (-0.49 ± 0.18), WHC (-0.99 ± 0.01), and protein (-0.93 ± 0.04) and ash content (-0.98 ± 0.06) in LD muscle, whereas the associations were less pronounced in SM muscle. In general, CWT and EMA had low genetic and phenotypic correlations with meat quality traits, which suggests that the traits are independent and have distinct genetic contributions in each muscle. Conversely, with few exceptions, meat quality traits had genetic and phenotypic correlations with MS and BFT. In conclusion, the estimated genetic parameters for carcass and meat quality traits could be used for genetic evaluation and breeding programs in Korean Hanwoo cattle populations.

The effects of Mg codoping on the structural, electronic transport, and magnetic properties of GaMnN films are investigated. Mg was shown to compete with Mn for incorporation into the growing films at impingement, and to replace Mn. The partial replacement of Mn by Mg in GaMnN has resulted in an increase of conductivity of the region. The enhanced transport property due to the highly efficient dopant Mg resulted in a remarkable increase of the saturation magnetization, indicating an interaction between Mn and Mg for the carrier-mediated ferromagnetism. The increased carrier population by Mg codoping enabled a full mediation among the Mn atoms, and consequently, suppressed the paramagnetic rise in the temperature-dependent magnetization measurement.