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There is evidence that aerobic physical activities which improve cardiorespiratory fitness are beneficial for cognitive function in healthy older adults, with effects observed for motor function, cognitive speed, delayed memory functions and auditory and visual attention. However, the majority of comparisons yielded no significant results. The data are insufficient to show that the improvements in cognitive function which can be attributed to physical exercise are due to improvements in cardiovascular fitness, although the temporal association suggests that this might be the case. Larger studies are still required to confirm whether the aerobic training component is necessary, or whether the same can be achieved with any type of physical exercise. At the same time, it would be informative to understand why some cognitive functions seem to improve with (aerobic) physical exercise while other functions seem to be insensitive to physical exercise. Clinicians and scientists in the field of neuropsychology should seek mutual agreement on a smaller battery of cognitive tests to use, in order to render research on cognition clinically relevant and transparent and heighten the reproducibility of results for future research.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:The reported incidence of PCE during PV varies, depending on the sensitivity of diagnostic tests used. To assess the true incidence of PCE, we performed native chest CT during follow-up in a large proportion of patients from the VERTOS II trial.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:PV is increasingly used as treatment for osteoporotic VCFs. However, controversy exists as to whether PV increases the risk for new VCFs during follow-up. The purpose of our research was to assess the incidence of new VCFs in patients with acute VCFs randomized to PV and conservative therapy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:During percutaneous polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) vertebroplasty (PV), PMMA cement may migrate into the venous system and subsequently be transported to the pulmonary arteries. Frequency, outcome, and imaging findings of PMMA pulmonary embolism are poorly understood. We retrospectively assessed the frequency and outcome of PMMA embolism during PV in a large patient cohort and evaluated the relationship of the volume of injected PMMA to the occurrence of pulmonary PMMA embolism.