Short wavelength free-electron laser oscilla tors require electron beams o f high brightness, and, in some application, high average power. We describe the design of an electron injector for the production o f a bunched cw electrón beam o f high brightness, low energy spread, and potentially high beam power. It consists o f a superconducting reentrant cavity housing a photoemission cathode which is irradiated with short light pulses o f a mode-locked frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser. The experi mental layout o f the "superconducting photoemission source" is described together with Its components: the photocathode preparation chamber, the cavity, the cryogenic setup, and the beam analysis system. The conceptual beam parameters are discussed and first results o f an emittance calculation using a particle in cell computer code are given.
We report on a series of experiments with a superconducting 500 MHz single cell cavity of "spherical" shape fabricated from niobium sheet material. Design, fabrication and different room temperature surface treatments of cavity including ion bombardment cleaning are discussed. An experimental test set up was used which includes diagnostic systems such as: temperature mapping of the outside cavity wall in subcooled helium, scanning solid state X-ray detector close to the cavity wall, light detection from the cavities inside, probes to measure internal free electron currents and a spectrum analyser to detect the electron induced excitations of higher order cavity modes.The following general characteristics of the cavity were observed: At 4.2 K an accelerating field of 3 MV/m can be achieved safely with low losses (Q = 2 x 109; Pdiss = 8.4 W/m). The residual rf losses are concentrated in the high electric field region of the cavity surface and cannot be attributed to normal conducting metallic impurities but show dielectric loss proporties. Resonant electron loading (multipacting) was never observed. At field levels exceeding 3 MV/m non-resonant electron currents start to load the cavity Q and give rise to the excitation of higher order cavity modes. The electron sources are point like and located in the high electric field region of the cavity. The field emission nature and the location of the electron sources are determined by temperature mapping and X-ray diagnostic measurements and analyzed by computer simulation of electron trajectories. In the region between 4 and 5 MV/m the cavity field is limited by thermal instabilities (quenching) originating from point like loss regions predominantly found at the bottom part of the cavity. Some of these defects were observed to be created during high field operations of the cavity in several instances.
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