Despite the prevalence of personality-based group training in applied settings, little systematic research has examined the outcomes of such interventions. Even less research has explored the specific components of such interventions that might contribute to or detract from group processes and performance. To organize and spur this line of inquiry, we reviewed the literature on learning objectives, training outcomes, and best practice recommendations for personality-based training. We also interviewed 26 trainers who use personality assessments, such as the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, DISC, CliftonStrengths, and Hogan Personality Inventory, concerning these topics. We organized their responses to each topic into categories, using thematic content analyses for the learning objectives and training recommendations. Common learning objectives involve increasing self- and other-awareness, preference for personality diversity, interpersonal skill, and individual- and unit-level attitudes and performance. Anecdotal reports generally suggest personality-based training can improve self-awareness and interpersonal skill, but some reports describe risk of stigmatization and subgroup conflict. Differing approaches to these trainings appear to vary in their effectiveness. Common best practice recommendations from trainers include describing personality flexibly, emphasizing the value of personality diversity, tailoring the training content based on group personality profiles, ensuring trainees understand that personality testing is for developmental purposes, and treating personality feedback as confidential. We conclude by summarizing existing guidance for practitioners and suggesting two future research streams: (1) controlled evaluation of training outcomes and (2) exploration of the proposed mechanisms of action in personality-based training.
During routine cadaver dissection at Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, an aberrant Obturator artery (OBA) was observed originating from the inferior epigastric artery (IEA). Typically, OBA originates from the anterior division of the internal iliac artery (IIA). When it originates from the IEA, it passes over the pelvic brim and places the individual at risk for hemorrhage during surgery in that region or after pelvic trauma. This phenomenon is called ‘corona mortis.’ The objective of this study is therefore to characterize how many OBAs arise from IIA and how many arise from aberrant branching patterns, with a focus on those which arise from IEA. The origin of the OBA was studied in 24 formalin fixed cadavers (13 female, 11 male, average age 80) which had been dissected by first year medical students. To confirm identification, the obturator nerve was first identified passing into the obturator canal in each cadaver, and then the main arterial contribution passing into the obturator canal was identified. The OBA was found to originate from the anterior division of the IIA in 28 pelvic halves (58%). In 12 (25%) cases , OBA was found to arise from the IEA. In 7 (15%) cases, it arose from other locations such as the posterior division of the internal iliac artery (6) or as a branch of the superior gluteal artery (1). There was one hemisected pelvis in which the accessory OBA arising from the IEA was the same size as the OBA contribution from the anterior division of IIA. We found that 60% of the aberrant OBAs were on the right and 40% on the left. There were 13 aberrant OBAs in the female cadavers in contrast to 6 found in males. Literature review by the authors reveals widely varying estimates for the origin of OBAs. Jakubowicz et al (1996) describe incidence of OBA from IEA as only 2.6%, Mahato (2009) reports incidence at 8%, and Pai et al (2009) report incidence of 14%. Additionally, Pai et al found that this aberrance was more common in males than females, the opposite of the present findings. Furthermore, they demonstrated a similar pattern of variances of OBA arising from external iliac artery and IEA on the right (26.5%) vs left (16.3%). Variability in Origin and Topography of the Inferior Epigastric and Obturator ArteriesMJakubowiczM.Czarniawska-GrzesiñskaFolia Morphol (Warsz)552121126Retro-pubic vascular anomalies: A study of abnormal obturator vesselsNK.MahatoEur J Anat133121126Variability in the origin of the obturator arteryMMPaiAKrishnamurthyLVPrabhuMVPaiSAKumarGA.HadimaniClinics (Sao Paulo)649897901
THE subject of tuinours of the ocular appendages is obscurely treated of by writers, more, I believe indeed, than any in the whole range of ophthalmological literature. The several stages of the same affection are described as different diseases, and the same diseases are dissimilarly delineated. A Greek and a Latin word bearing the same signification,-Chalazion and Grando, are applied to different morbid states. The disease I now propose to treat of is involved in similar perplexity; for I find it spoken of as "fibrinous tumour," "tarsal tumour not encysted," "albuminous tumour," and by other terms equally erroneous. There is also disagreement concerning its connection, whether moveable or not, and even as to consistence, whether hard or soft. I propose, therefore, in order to be understood respecting the tumour I mean, to describe the most palpable objective characteristics, before I point out what appears to be its pathological condition, and which has not, so far as I am aware, ever been demonstrated. Commencing, then, with the external characters, I would speak of it as a hard, spherical, well-defined tumour, in size
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