The significance of the potential impacts of microbial activity on the transport properties of host rocks for geological repositories is an area of active research. Most recent work has focussed on granitic environments. This paper describes pilot studies investigating changes in transport properties that are because of microbial activity in sedimentary rock environments in northern Japan. For the first time, these short experiments (39 days maximum) have shown that the denitrifying bacteria, Pseudomonas denitrificans, can survive and thrive when injected into flowthrough column experiments containing fractured diatomaceous mudstone material and synthetic groundwater under pressurised conditions. Although there were few significant changes in the fluid chemistry, changes in the Microbiological impacts -mudstone 2 permeability of the biotic column were quantitatively monitored. These same methodologies could also be adapted to obtain information from cores originating from a variety of geological environments including oil reservoirs, aquifers and toxic waste disposal sites to provide an understanding of the impact of microbial activity on the transport of a range of solutes, such as groundwater contaminants and gases (e.g. injected carbon dioxide).

Landfill and radioactive waste disposal risk assessments focus on contaminant transport and are principally concerned with understanding the movement of gas, water and solutes through engineered barriers and natural groundwater systems. However, microbiological activity can impact on transport processes changing the chemical and physical characteristics of the subsurface environment. Such effects are generally caused by biofilms attached to rock surfaces. This paper will present the results of an experimental study of the significance of biofilm growth on groundwater flow and the transport of contaminants in intergranular and fracture porosity flow systems.Risk assessments for landfills and geological repositories for radioactive waste are primarily based on the precepts of contaminant transport; and are concerned with understanding the movement of gas, water and solutes through engineered barriers and natural groundwater systems, within the concept of 'Source', 'Pathway' and 'Receptor'. The emphasis on solute migration for landfill investigations is reflected in the theoretical development used during numerical simulation. However, microbes living in such environments can have an impact on transport processes (Chapelle 2000;Cunningham et al. 1997; Fredrickson et al. 1989; Keith-Loach & Livens 2002;West & Chilton 1997;West et al. 2006). Microbial activity in any environment is generally located on chemical or physical interfaces, usually within biofilms, and the impacts can be both physical (e.g. altering porosity) and/or chemical (e.g. changing pH, redox conditions) and may result in intracellular or extracellular mineral formation or degradation (Beveridge et al. 1997;Ehrlich 1999;Konhauser et al. 1998;Milodowski et al. 1990;Tuck et al. 2006). Where biofilm growth in a crystalline host rock promotes mineral precipitation it can reduce water inflow and this can be a positive effect for limiting the transport of contaminants. Recent experimental work has investigated some of these chemical and physical effects in more detail in the context of the geological containment of radioactive waste. This paper will examine some of these studies and will indicate the significance of biofilms in influencing both granular and fracture flow. 2 BiofilmsA biofilm is an agglomeration of microbial cells and their excreted organic and inorganic products that is attached to, or coats, mineral surfaces or other substrates (Taylor & Jaffe 1990a). Biofilms are very common in the geosphere and biosphere, forming in diverse environments including the surfaces of human teeth (Marsh 2004), wall murals and stone monuments (Dornieden et al. 2000), stream sediments (Konhauser et al. 1998), cave and mine walls (Plate 1) and the subsurface (Tuck 2006). In such natural systems, they often comprise a mixture of interacting microbial species forming complex ecosystems. Biofilm thickness is extremely variable ranging from a single cell monolayer, to thick mucous microcolonies of microbes held together by Extracellular Polymeric Substances...

Landfill and radioactive waste disposal risk assessments focus on contaminant transport and are principally concerned with understanding the movement of gas, water and solutes through engineered barriers and natural groundwater systems. However, microbiological activity can impact on transport processes changing the chemical and physical characteristics of the subsurface environment. Such effects are generally caused by biofilms attached to rock surfaces. This paper will present some mineralogical and petrographical observations of materials extracted at the completion of an experimental column study which examined the influences of biofilm growth on groundwater flow through crushed diorite from the Äspö Hard Rock

The human ingestion bioaccessibility of As was measured on 50 representative samples of soils selected from a 281 soil sample geochemical survey of Northampton. The major and trace element content, pH and near infra-red (NIR) spectra of the 281 soils were determined.A multiple linear regression (MLR) model using total As, major element composition and pH identified total As, pH and P to be the significant predictor variables for bioaccessible As (r square = 0.72, median standard error of prediction=1.5 mg kg -1 bioaccessible As). When spectral components (SC) derived from chemometric analysis of the NIR spectra were also included in the MLR, total As, pH, Mg and two NIR spectral components were found to be significant predictor variables (r square = 0.84, median standard error of prediction=1.2 mg

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