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157 157 157 158 158 158 1'74 157 IT. CUTICLES O F SOME RECENT CYCADS.(a.) NATERIAL AND METaOus.-Most of the material used in the investigation of recent cuticles was specially obtained from the Glasnevin Botanical Gardens, Dublin, and from Kew, and was fixed in medium chromacetic acid. I n some cases ordinary laboratory material was used.The types examined included Cycas ( 5 species), Diooa (a), Ceratozumia (3), X~XCPOzamia (6), Zumia (8), E?zceplmlccrtos (8), Bozoeizia (1 form), Stumgeria (2 forms), Xic~ocycus being the only genus unrepresented.The upper and lower cuticles of the leaves were examined in surface view and in section. I n many cases the epidermises were stripped off easily, but in others it was necessary to use Schulze's macerating fluid. Sometimes pinnce were treated with the fluid and then washed in ammonia, as in the case of the fossil cuticles (vide ififpa) ; after this treatment only the cu'cin layer remains, with little or no trace of underlying cells.Permanent preparations of cuticles removed in either of the above ways were made. Bismarck brown, Congo red, and diamant fuchsin were used for staining. Lloyd (1908), in his researches on the Physiology of Stomata, seems to consider Congo red more satisfactory as an epidermal stain than Bismarck brown; in the present case diamant fuchsin was most used, as it is very rapid. The stain fades a little, however, 011 exposure of the preparations. Unstained preparations of cuticles were also largely used. I n the case of the sections, one of the most satisfactory stains was found to be Scharlach R (also used for macerated cuticles) prepared as directed by Hill (1912). By it the cutin layer and cuticularised parts were clearly defined, staining a bright brownish red, all the other tissues remaining unaffected. Phloroglucin with hydrochloric acid I\ as used to show the lignified lamellae which occur in every case on the dorsal and ventral walls of the guard-cells. Serial sections stained with cotton red and aniline blue, and with diamant fuchsin were employed in the correlation of surface views and sections of' stomata, Other tests mere used, but an account of them need not be repeated here, as descriptions are to be found in the literature quoted.
T he fossil flora of the Jurassic rocks of the Yorkshire coast has been investigated by many workers. At the beginning of last century a considerable number of the common plants were described by Brongniart and Phillips, and during the succeeding years excellent collections were made by such enthusiastic workers as Bean, Leckenby, and the two Williamsons. The close and critical study of these plants was, however, never accomplished until Prof. Seward's critical work in the British Museum Catalogue appeared. This put the subject for the first time on a firm basis, and has very much simplified subsequent investigations. The earlier collectors confined their attention almost entirely to the accessible exposures of the Estuarine Series between Whitby and Filey, though some specimens are recorded from the neighbourhood of Runswick. In comparatively recent years, however, it has been found that the Lower Estuarine Beds in the Cleveland district were very fossiliferous, and large collections have been made by enthusiastic local geologists. As a result, several interesting forms were discovered in this district which were unknown farther south, and a systematic and critical examination of the whole flora was deemed advisable. The present work is the result of a re-examination of the specimens collected by the Rev. G. J. Lane, F.G.S., and Mr. T. W. Saunders, F.G.S., who have succeeded in obtaining a large number of fossils from the Marske and Upleatham quarries on Upleatham Hill. They kindly sent the most important specimens in their collections to me, for examination at Cambridge. I
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