This study was conducted to determine the effect of different temperatures and prey type on the biology of Euseius scutalis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) fed on Tetranychus urticae Koch and Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acari : Tetranychidae) at 20, 25 and 30°C. The incubation period of E. scutalis was shortened with increasing temperature. The mean duration of immature stages was 10.3, 12.7; 7.0, 9.8 and 4.1, 5.7 days when the mite females fed on T urticae and P. ulmi at 20,25 and 30°C, respectively. The life cycle duration was 14.0, 15.5; 9.1, 12.4 and 5.6, 7.9 days when the females were fed on the aforementioned conditions, respectively. Average female longevity on T. urticae and P. ulmi was 27.7& 31.9 days at 20°C, followed by 22.4& 25.7 days at 25°C and 15.7& 20.4 days at 30°C, respectively. The maximum average fecundity (44.2 eggs/female) was observed at 25°C when females fed on T. urticae compared with 35.6 eggs/female on P. ulmi. Obtained relative values for males were generally less than those of females . Effect of temperature on obtained biological values expressed as rates (1/duration) between main aspects and tested temperatures was significant. Obtained R 2 values ranged between 0.90 and 0.655 with P < 0.001 . It was concluded that T urticae was preferred prey than P. ulmi and 30°C was the best for individual developmental rate while 25°C was the best for most fecundity regardless tested prey.
Water extracts from four wild plant species namely: Azadirachta indica, Neriu oleander, Calotropis procena, Urginea maritime (different parts: leaves, stems and flowers) were tested against two widely land snails species, i.e. Monacha cartusiana and Theba pisana under laboratory conditions. The concentrations used were crude extract 1:1 and the diluted 1:3 and 1:10. All the treatments were sprayed directly to the snails or sprayed to the lettuce leaves which used as poisonous food. Moreover, the grinded parts of these plants (leaves, stems and flowers) were used separately for testing their active ingredients.The obtained results indicate that using some plant water extracts as spraying technique was more efficient against land snails than in its addition to lettuce leaves as poisonous foods or using the grinded plant parts itself.
Two types of compost, (plant and animal) as well as furan 10%G were effective in reducing Meloidogyne incognita number of galls, nematode reproduction and fecundity. Compost was investigated as amendment for suppressing populations of Meloidogyne incognita and increasing plant vigor. The greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted with mature compost produced in SEKEM organic farm. Compost extract was prepared by steeping 100 g compost in 200 ml tap water and removing biomass with cheesecloth filtration followed by centrifugation. The supernatant was diluted I: 4 in water, sterile filtered and used as I00% compost extract treatment. In micro well as says, M. incognita J 2 activity were inhibited by all tested compost extract concentrations (25%, 50%, 75% and 100% extract), with >55% inhibition in 100% compost extract after 72h. (Animal and plant) Compost treatments mixed with soil at doses 25, 50,100g/ kg were greater treatment gave the best result in reducing the nematode reproduction compared with untreated check. (Animal and plant) compost suppressing final nematode population values that average 92.18% and 92.54 respectively, at doses 100g/kg soil compared with nematicide Furan 10% at dose 2g/ kg suppressing final nematode population values that average 79.10%. Also the used (animal and plant) compost tea at two times 2 days before inoculation and 10 days after inoculation showed the same results. The highest percentage of reduction in nematode final population (80.59%) and (82.90%) was noticed in concentration dose100 g/200 cm 3 water / kg by animal and plant compost tea 2 days before inoculation.All the tested materials significantly suppressed nematode final population and rate of buildup. In general there were positive correlation between the concentration used and the obtained degree of nematode management.
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