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During the weekend of Saturday 31 January to Sunday 1 February 1953, a storm tide raged across the northwest European shelf and flooded the low-lying coastal areas of the countries around the North Sea. The peak high waters occurred during the night and the storm surprised many people in their sleep. The resulting disaster in terms of loss of life and damage to infrastructure was enormous. In the Netherlands, 1836 people fell victim to the flood; in the UK and Belgium, the casualties were 307 and 22, respectively. The large number of fatalities in the Netherlands was related to the fact that much of the affected area is below sea-level.This paper focuses on the case of the Netherlands. It discusses the history of land reclamation, and the fact that living in low-lying areas protected by dykes, often below sea-level, is an accepted fact of life in the Netherlands. The historical approach to dyke maintenance is then outlined, and the state of the dykes in the early twentieth century and after the war is discussed. The characteristics of the storm and the flood are discussed, along with people's experiences of the first hours and days following the flood. The impact of this human stress has often been lasting--many survivors continue to live with daily memories of the flood. Attention is given to the large-scale rescue and relief efforts, the closure of the dykes during the following nine months and the concept of the Delta Plan, designed to prevent such a large-scale disaster ever happening again. Although the 1953 storm was indeed a low probability event leading to very high storm-induced water-levels, and occurred in combination with spring tide, several arguments are presented that explain why this flood turned into a disaster of such a large scale. Equally, the question is raised whether the disaster could have been prevented. The paper concludes by noting the importance of awareness and preparedness in order to prevent a future storm threat of this scale turning into a disaster of the scope of the Big Flood of 1953.

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These data suggest that PCT may be a valuable addition to currently used markers of infection for diagnosis of infection and prognosis in patients with fever at the Emergency Department.

In the 50 years since the catastrophic southern North Sea storm surge of 31 January-1 February 1953, there have been technological advances in the engineering of flood protection, increased understanding of physical processes in shallow seas and estuaries, and developments in the mathematical statistics of extreme events. This introductory paper reviews how the scientific understanding of surge events, their impacts and the human responses to them is evolving on many fronts, often across disciplinary boundaries. The question of how the long-term nature of the problem itself will be influenced by possible climate, land use and policy changes is addressed, along with their associated uncertainties.

.[1] The Singapore Strait connects the South China Sea, where tides are dominantly diurnal, to the dominantly semidiurnal Indian Ocean. At this transition, the tidal water level oscillations are observed to be semidiurnal while the tidal current oscillations are mixed, diurnal to fully diurnal. Due to the interaction of the diurnal constituents with the semidiurnal M 2 tide, the tides are strongly asymmetric. Both residual flows and subtidal flows, with periodicities of 2 weeks to 1 year, are strong. In order to analyze and explain the hydrodynamics around Singapore, a well-documented and calibrated regional tidal model application was further improved and validated. Analysis of the results of this model shows that the diurnal tidal wave is primarily standing, with an amphidromic point close to Singapore, explaining the dominantly diurnal current and semidiurnal water level oscillations. Analysis of the model results further indicates that the fortnightly constituents in the subtidal flow are probably compound tides, with a combined amplitude over 10 cm/s. Pronounced yearly and half-yearly cycles in spring tidal current amplitude and asymmetry exist, resulting from interaction of the diurnal and the semidiurnal spring-neap cycles, compound tides, and the monsoon currents. A simple analytical transport formula was applied to determine the relative importance of tidal asymmetry and residual flows, verified with a full sediment transport model. With fine sediment being more sensitive for residual flow and coarser sediment for tidal flow, a pronounced divergence in sediment transport pathways may exist, depending on the grain size.Citation: van Maren, D. S., and H. Gerritsen (2012), Residual flow and tidal asymmetry in the Singapore Strait, with implications for resuspension and residual transport of sediment,

This paper reviews practices and trends in hydrodynamic and statistical analyses and modelling in the Netherlands with regard to the risk of coastal flooding. We restrict ourselves to the physical phenomena of tides, storm surges and wind waves. We first give a brief outline of established policy in the Netherlands regarding accepted levels of risk of flooding, and current changes therein. This is followed by a summary of a statistical reanalysis of historical storm-surge data combined with numerical hydrodynamic modelling, aimed at improved estimates of probabilities of occurrence of extreme water levels along the Dutch coast. Recent developments concerning the physical and numerical modelling of inundation of low-lying areas are presented. State-of-the-art modelling of wind waves in coastal areas is also reviewed. Research issues in the area of coastal modelling for flood defence are indicated.

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