Of Trade by Barter.-Of Money .-'Of Bills of Exchange and Notes.-Of Bills and Notes, considered as discountable Articles .'^Of fictitious Bills, or Bills of Accommodation, Society, in its rudest state, carries on its trade by the means only of barter. When most advanced, it still conducts its commerce on the same * The commissioners named in the act state in their report,*" that *' the knowledge that loans might have been obtained, sufficed, in ** several instances, to render them unnecessary; that the whole ** number of applications was three hundred aad thirty-two, «* for sums amounting to £, 3,855,624; of which two hundred an^l <* thirty-eight were granted, amounting to £. 2,202,000; forty-fivp " for sums to the amount of £^, 1,215,100 were withdrawn;^and *^f orty-nine were rejected for various reasons. That the whole D4 *• smn '* which produced a facility in raising money that was presently *'■ felt, not only in the metropolis, but through the whole extent of •* Great Britain. Nor was the operation of the act less beneficial <* with respect to a variety of eminent manufacturers, who, having in *' a great degree suspended their ivorks^w ere enabled to resume them, ** and to a'fford employment to a number of workmen who must ** otherwise have been thrown on the public." its *' culate in a country never can exceed the gold and ** silver which would circulate if there were no *' paper," proceeds to observe, that the Bank of England, " by issuing too great a quantity of *' paper, of which the excess was continually " returning, in order to be exchanged for gold and ** silver, was, for many years together, obliged to " coin gold to the extent of between eight hun-" dred thousand pounds and a million a year. For *^t his great coinage the bank was frequently obliged " to purchase gold bullion at 4/. an ounce, which *^i t soon after issued in coin at 3/, lis, I0\d. an ** ounccj
The problems connected with the nodules th at are produced by Bacillus radicicola on leguminous plants fall naturally into four divisions :(a) The life of the organism in the soil and the causes leading to its arrival at the usual point of infection-the root hair. The life of the organism outside the plant and the causes leading to its initial entry into the tissues do not concern the present paper, which deals with the relation between the organisms within the nodule, and the anatomy and physiology of the tissues of the host plant.The general course of formation of a nodule is well known and has been carefully described by other workers (6,20,29,31). The entry of the bacteria results in a complicated response on the part of the plant, 'whereby, under normal conditions, there is produced an outgrowth having, in its centre, a mass of swollen cells containing large numbers of the organisms. In the developed nodule almost the whole of the organisms are to be found in these swollen cells. Since nitrogen fixation has been shown to be associated with the presence of the bacteria (12), it is most probable that this swollen cell tissue with its large numbers of contained organisms is the seat of this process. The central problems in the physiology of the nodule, therefore, are the causes leading to the formation of this swollen cell tissue and the nutrition of the bacteria within it.With regard to the nutrition of the bacteria, it is an important point that2 E on May 10, 2018 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/ Downloaded from 374 W . E. Brenchley and H . G. T hornton.they require a free supply of energy-giving material. Numerous experiments with other nitrogen-fixing bacteria have shown th at a large supply of easily oxidisable organic material is necessary for nitrogen fixation (3, 13, 34), and carbohydrates and related substances have proved to be the most efficient sources of energy for this purpose (15). Both on theoretical grounds and by analogy with organisms fixing nitrogen in culture, therefore, one may suppose that the bacteria within the nodule require an abundant supply of carbohydrate or similar easily available compounds of high energy value.Under normal conditions vascular strands develop which run up the sides of the nodule.* A consideration of the requirements of the bacteria for nitrogen fixation suggests th at these strands have the function of supplying them with carbohydrate as a source of energy and of removing the products of their metabolism. On this view the vascular supply forms, physiologically, the connecting link between the plant and the bacteria within the nodule. A study of the exact relation between the strands and the development and functioning of the nodule thus becomes a first essential to any understanding of the physiology of the organisms within it.Hitherto it has not been possible to study the role of this vascular supply by comparing the growth and metabolism of normal vascular nodules with that of nodules where the vascular supply was deficient or absent. The abnormal growt...
Summary. 1. For bacterial count work the first essential in a medium is that it should be uniform and reproducible in its results. In the medium here described, details of which are given on p. 271, reproducibility has been achieved by the use of pure chemical compounds in an agar medium and by selection of such constituents as will not produce a significant change of reaction during sterilisation. On agar media, surface spreading colonies interfere with the accuracy of the results. A special study was made of a common spreading organism, B. dendroides. This organism spreads by active motility, and the factors controlling its spread were found to be (1) the existence of a surface film of water on the agar, and (2) the rate of multiplication previous to the drying of this film. A medium was developed on which this rate of multiplication was greatly reduced and on which, consequently, spreading is greatly restricted. Tests of the medium have shown that the results obtained with it are uniform and can be reproduced in different batches of medium.
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