Sulfite pulping will still play an important role in Austria in the foreseeable future. Therefore, efficient and economic means of waste-water treatment have to be searched for. The experience gained with operating laboratory scale and semi-technical scale experiments for anaerobic treatment of condensates and the extraction stage effluent from two mills is presented. As we foresee, in full scale conditions a series of problems arise (neutralization, solids retention, SO2 toxicity, start-up of process) The advantage of the anaerobic process in terms of energy alone cannot, as we had to realize, be the single basis of the investment decision.
A nitrogen balance for the region of Upper Austria is presented containing a short introduction to the method and materials used and the overall results with emphasis on the N balance for the atmosphere, agriculture and surface waters. It is shown that it was possible to obtain only with existing data an overall balance for nitrogen which takes all important nitrogen fluxes into consideration. Important results are: The biggest input of nitrogen (as NHX-N or NOX-N) into the atmosphere comes from agriculture, but also traffic and industrial processes play an important role. The N-losses from agriculture to the environment depend to a high extent on the rate of animal protein production. The N-input to surface waters from nonpoint source discharges is noticeably bigger than from point source discharges.
Neusiedlersee (in German) / Fertö tó (in Hungarian) is a shallow lake at the Austro-Hungarian border. In the late 1970s, the question arose what to do in order to protect the lake against eutrophication. A preliminary report established the need for point-source control as well as gave first estimates for non-point source inputs. The proposed point-source control was quickly implemented, non-point sources were - among other topics - studied in detail in the period 1982 - 1986. The preliminary work had shown, based on integrated sampling and data from literature, that the aeolic input outweighed the one via water erosion (work was for totP only). In contrast to this, the 1982 - 1986 study showed that (a) water erosion by far dominates over aeolic inputs and (b) the size of nonpoint-source inputs was assessed for the largest catchment area in pronounced detail, whereas additional estimates were undertaken for smaller additional catchment areas. The methods as well as the results are presented in the following. The paper concludes with some remarks on the present management practice of nonpoint-source inputs.
The mass flux approach is a good tool to tell whether decisions in pollution control to be taken or already taken are adequate. In policy making, the boundaries for the mass flux approach can be either national borders or catchment areas of river basins. In the following, a nitrogen balance is presented for Austria for the year 1986, including the reason to undertake the work and the type of approach taken. In addition, the nitrogen balance is discussed and some conclusions are drawn on actions required.
In 1988, some 70% of the Austrian population had sewerage and some percentage-points less biological wastewater treatment. Industry - except pulp and paper - had in 1988 biological treatment for 80% of its load, and pulp and paper for 20% of its load. The paper deals with the development of Austrian Water Law, with water pollution control and its advancement in the period 1968 to 1988, with foreseeable problem areas in water pollution control in the coming years, and finally presents a table with data relating to the main riparian states in the River Danube Basin. From these data and the development in Austria over time, it is to be concluded that the actual application of activities in water pollution control seem to be determined primarily by public or political awareness of this specific task and not so much by resources available.
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