The effect of N levels, weed control treatments, and their interaction on maize yield and weed growth in sandy soils is not completely understood. Therefore, field experiments were conducted during 2005 and 2006 to determine if management can improve maize competitiveness with weeds, and thus achieve the yield potential of maize in sandy soils. The experiment included three N levels (300, 338, and 375 kg/ha) and five weed control treatments, e.g., hand hoeing twice, hand hoeing three times, fluroxypr + hoeing once, hoeing once + bispyribac-Na, and a nonweeded check. N rates affected dry weight of weeds growing with maize except with large crabgrass. Biomass of common purslane, considered a nitrophilous species, was increased by all N levels. Weeds were controlled by all treatments compared with the nontreated check; however, herbicide treatments were not superior to hand-hoeing treatments. Using more N favored growth and yield of maize more than weeds. Adding N fertilizer also improved most yield parameters. Highest grain yield of maize resulted at 375 kg/ha N. All weed control treatments improved grain yield two- to threefold compared with the nonweeded check. The interaction between N rates and weed control treatments had significant effects on dry biomass of common purslane and barnyardgrass, as well as grain index and biological yield parameters of maize. Grain yields were improved with fluroxypyr applied 2 wk after sowing (WAS) maize followed by one hand hoeing 6 WAS or hoeing at 3 WAS followed by bispyribac-Na applied 6 WAS. However, highest yields were obtained by hoeing early during the growing season.
-Weed control is consider the major obstacle for the growers in the organic farming. Lower plant productivity in organic farming mainly related to the poor weed control. It is widely known, in most cases, that losses caused by weeds exceeded the losses from any category of agricultural pests. Under water-stress condition, weeds can reduce crop yields more than 50% through moisture competition alone. In the light of the environmental and toxicological problems created by herbicides, it has become necessary to develop the safety methods for controlling weeds. Soil Solarization, Mulching, Biodegradable Mulch, Natural Herbicides, Hot Water, and Agronomic Practices have been successfully adopted in many countries as safe methods for controlling weeds in the organic farming. In addition, there are some promising new and non-traditional measures such as Fresnel Lens, Electrical Weed Control, Lasers, etc which could be employed for controlling the weeds in organic farming. Also the agronomic practices such as choice of competitive varieties, stale seedbeds had a significant impact on weeds. The growers in organic farming should keep these three points in mind: 1) start clean stay clean successful, 2) Prevention is always better than treatment and, 3) One year's seeds will lead to seven year's weed infestation. Successful and sustainable weed management systems are those that employ combinations of techniques rather than relying on one method. The objectives of this paper are to review some safe weed control methods in the clean agricultural.Keywords: weeds, Safety methods, Mulch, Soil solarization, Natural herbicides, hot water, non-traditional methods. Palavras-chave: sementes, métodos de segurança, cobertura morta, solarização do solo, herbicidas naturais, água quente, métodos não tradicionais. RESUMO -O controle de plantas daninhas é considerado
There is an urgent need to accelerate the development and implementation of effective organic-compliant herbicides that are environmentally safe and that help the producer meet increasing consumer demand for organic products. Therefore, greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of acetic acid (5%), acetic acid (30%), citric acid (10%), citric acid (5%) + garlic (0.2%), citric acid (10%) + garlic (0.2%), clove oil (45.6%), and corn gluten meal (CGM) compounds as natural-product herbicides for weed control. The herbicides were applied to the broadleaf weeds stranglervine, wild mustard, black nightshade, sicklepod, velvetleaf, and redroot pigweed and to narrowleaf weeds crowfootgrass, Johnsongrass, annual ryegrass, goosegrass, green foxtail, and yellow nutsedge. The herbicides were applied POST at two weed growth stages, namely, two to four and four to six true-leaf stages. CGM was applied PPI in two soil types. Citric acid (5%) + garlic (0.2%) had the greatest control (98%) of younger broadleaf weeds, followed by acetic acid (30%) > CGM > citric acid (10%) > acetic acid (5%) > citric acid (10%) + garlic (0.2%), and clove oil. Wild mustard was most sensitive to these herbicides, whereas redroot pigweed was the least sensitive. Herbicides did not control narrowleaf weeds except for acetic acid (30%) when applied early POST (EPOST) and CGM. Acetic acid (30%) was phytotoxic to all broadleaf weeds and most narrowleaf weeds when applied EPOST. Delayed application until the four- to six-leaf stage significantly reduced efficacy; acetic acid was less sensitive to growth stage than other herbicides. These results will help to determine effective natural herbicides for controlling weeds in organic farming.
Background: Two field experiments were carried out at the Research and Production Station of the National Research Centre, Nubaria region, Behira Governorate, Egypt, during two winter seasons of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of vegetative growth, yield, yield components, and some metabolic constituents of four faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cultivars "Nubaria 2, Sakha 1, Sakha 3, and Sakha 4" to foliar application of fulvic acid (FA) at 0.0, 3, 6, and 9 gL − 1. Results: The results show that all applications of FA increased all vegetative characters (i.e., plant height, number of branches and leaves, and total dry weight/plant, fourth leaf area and leaf area index, specific leaf weight, and crop growth rate), as well as, yield and its components (i.e., number of pods/plant, weight of pods/plant, seed and straw yield/plant, seed and straw yield/feddan, and seed index) of all studied faba bean cultivars, comparing to untreated plants. The results also show the total photosynthetic pigments content in leaves were increased by increasing FA concentration up to 9 gL −1. Treatment FA at 9 gL −1 , significantly improved the nutritional value and quality of seeds by increasing total carbohydrates, crude protein, minerals (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) content, arginine, lysine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. Conclusions: Generally, foliar application of FA at 9 gL −1 , singly or interaction with Sakha 4 effectively increased seed yield and quality. In conclusion, the growth and yield contributing characters and quality of four bean cultivars could be improved with foliar application of FA treatments.
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