Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of Cd arachidate and Ca arachidate with thicknesses of 1, 3, 9, and 25 layers were investigated using near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS spectroscopy), small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), and reflected high energy electron diffraction (RHEED). The results from the x-ray diffraction experiments on layer thickness and interface roughness complement the structural information from NEXAFS on the average tilt angle of the alkyl chains in real space. The RHEED measurements confirm these findings and give additional information on the lateral order in these organic films. We find that the monolayer film shows a substantial degree of disorder, while for three and more LB layers, the molecular orientation is virtually identical to that of the corresponding fatty acid salts, i.e., the hydrocarbon chains are oriented perpendicular to the substrate surface in an all-trans conformation. Furthermore, a simplified and more robust analysis scheme for NEXAFS data obtained for hydrocarbon chains is presented. 7722
The influence of the measurement volume can be investigated by using extended geometrical optics, which is based on geometrical optics by including the amplitude and phase distribution in the laser beam. The dynamics in phase Doppler anemometry can be analysed, in addition to effects of the particle size‐dependent detection volume. Extended geometrical optics has been developed as a powerful tool to investigate these influences for each order of light scattering separately. Phase errors caused by Gaussian‐beam intensity distribution and the curvature of the wave fronts beyond the beam waist can easily be calculated. According to Part 1 (Reflective Mode Operation), the influence of the particle trajectories on measured phase and mass concentration is simulated for refractive mode operation.
Measurement of root dentine transparency according to Band und Ramm (1970) is principally suitable for determination of age. Our own investigations of 601 teeth of 50 persons resulted in a regression function of y = 23.8 + 4.5 x +/- 15.3 in a coefficient of correlation amounting to r = +0/67. The best findings were obtained in persons between 30-60 years of age. This technique is particularly useful for the fast determination of age under conditions prevailing during autopsy. Gross errors of the age of teeth is possible. Therefore, all oral criteria are still required to obtain reliable estimations.
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