A spin Hamiltonian formalism for effective spin-1 is introduced for the purpose of describing EPR and UPR observations of transitions within a non-Kramers doublet, where the doublet is split in zero applied magnetic field due to perturbations of the crystalline field symmetry by local .random strains. To second order in the perturbation due to the strain distributions, an asymmetric line shape is predicted with broadening to lower resonance magnetic field. This compares favorably with the results of experiments. The results of this formalism are compared with the widely used but purely phenomenological effective spin-; formalism for non-Kramers ions, which does not have the proper symmetry under time reversal. The effect of mixing of a low lying singlet state into the states of the doublet, particularly in terms of the predicted line shape characteristics, is presented.
Lithium metal, in general, is handled like other alkali metals. Differences in handling are due primarily to its higher melting point, greater hardness, and reactivity with nitrogen. The metal, unlike sodium and potassium, does not ignite spontaneously on contact with water. Because of its higher melting point, liquid metal is handled at higher temperatures, which increases the hazard from burns. Low-carbon steel, or iron, is the most suitable construction material for use with lithium.LlTHIUM metal, during production and subsequent physical processing, is subjected to a variety of conditions. Fortunately, these conditions represent extremes not normally encountered by any one user.
ProductionA typical lithium cell consists of a graphite anode, a mild steel cathode, and a fused bath of lithium and potassium chlorides as the electrolyte, as shown in Figures 1 and 2.Table I. Operating Conditions of Lithium Cell Salt temperature, °C. 404 Voltage 5.2 Current density, amp./sq. inch 3.53 Current efficiency, % 76 Raw material efficiency, % 97 Sp. gr. lithium metal, 400° C. 0.49 Figure 1. Lithium metal cell 9 Downloaded by UNIV OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO on June 1, 2015 |
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