Context: Aceclofenac (ACE) is a systematically designed drug, developed to circumvent the concerns associated with diclofenac. But ACE is also associated with non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAIDs)-tagged side effects, although of decreased amplitude. Objective: The present study aims to develop phospholipid-based vesicles (elastic membrane vesicles; EMV and ethosomes) loaded with ACE and explore their potential in topical delivery. Methods: Elastic membrane vesicles (EMVs) were prepared by thin-film hydration method and ethosomes by cold method. The composition of both the vesicular systems was selected on the basis of vesicle density and drug entrapment. The developed systems were characterized for micromeritics, surface charge, drug entrapment, and morphology. Ex vivo permeation and retention studies on Laca mice skin were performed. In vivo pharmacodynamic evaluation was performed by tail-flick method and carrageenan-induced rat paw-edema model. During stability studies, percent drug leakage was studied. Results: The selected ratios of phospholpid:drug:stearylamine for EMVs and ethosomes were 8:1:1 and 3:1:1, respectively. The ethosomes were found to offer more vesicle density, drug loading, and deformability index as compared with that of EMVs. The drug permeation and the retention offered by both the vesicular systems were superior to that of the conventional cream; however, performance of ethosomes superseded that of EMVs. The phospholipid-based vesicles were found to be well tolerated on mice skin. Although, the in vivo performance of ethosomes was found to be better than that of EMVs in both the studied models. Conclusion: The phospholipid-based vesicular systems, especially, ethosomes can be a promising tool to enhance the delivery and safety of ACE by topical route.
Abstract. In this paper we report on the Markarian 501 results obtained during our TeV γ-ray observations from March 11 to May 12, 2005 and February 28 to May 7, 2006 for 112.5 hours with the TACTIC γ-ray telescope. During 2005 observations for 45.7 hours, the source was found to be in a low state and we have placed an upper limit of 4.62 × 10 −12 photons cm −2 s −1 at 3σ level on the integrated TeV γ-ray flux above 1 TeV from the source direction. However, during the 2006 observations for 66.8h, detailed data analysis revealed the presence of a TeV γ-ray signal from the source with a statistical significance of 7.5σ above E γ ≥ 1 TeV. The time averaged differential energy spectrum of the source in the energy range 1-11 TeV is found to match well with the power law function of the form (dΦ/dE = f 0 E −Γ ) with f 0 = (1.66 ± 0.52) × 10 −11 cm −2 s −1 T eV −1 and Γ = 2.80 ± 0.27.
The TACTIC γ-ray telescope, equipped with a light collector of area ∼9.5m 2 and a medium resolution imaging camera of 349-pixels, has been in operation at Mt.Abu, India since 2001. This paper describes the main features of its various subsystems and its overall performance with regard to (a) tracking accuracy of its 2-axes drive system, (b) spot size of the light collector, (c) back-end signal processing electronics and topological trigger generation scheme, (d) data acquisition and control system and (e) relative and absolute gain calibration methodology. Using a trigger field of view of 11×11 pixels (∼ 3.4 • ×3.4 • ), the telescope records a cosmic ray event rate of ∼2.5 Hz at a typical zenith angle of 15 • . Monte Carlo simulation results are also presented in the paper for comparing the expected performance of the telescope with actual observational results. The consistent detection of a steady signal from the Crab Nebula above ∼1.2 TeV energy, at a sensitivity level of ∼5.0σ in ∼25 h, alongwith excellent matching of its energy spectrum with that obtained by other groups, reassures that the performance of the TACTIC telescope is quite stable and reliable. Furthermore, encouraged by the detection of strong γ-ray signals from Mrk 501 (during 1997(during and 2006(during observations) and Mrk 421 (during 2001(during and 2005(during -2006 observations), we believe that there is considerable scope for the TACTIC telescope to monitor similar TeV γ-ray emission activity from other active galactic nuclei on a long term basis.
Abstract. We have observed the blazar Markarian 421 with the TACTIC γ-ray telescope at Mt. Abu, India, from 22 November 2009 to 16 May 2010 for 265 hours. Detailed analysis of the data so recorded revealed presence of a TeV γ-ray signal with a statistical significance of 12.12σ at E γ ≥ 1 TeV. We have estimated the time averaged differential energy spectrum of the source in the energy range 1.0 -16.44 TeV. The spectrum fits well with the power law function of the form (dF/dE = f 0 E −Γ ) with f 0 = (1.39 ± 0.239) × 10 −11 cm −2 s −1 T eV −1 and Γ = 2.31 ± 0.14.
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