The present survey confirms the high prevalence of prenatal, perinatal and postnatal factors in children with ASD and suggests the intervention of some of these factors (acute fetal distress and difficult labor, among others), as determinant variables for the genesis of ASD.

In real practice, there is a paradox in the management of patients with 'long-term Covid-19. ' Indeed, Family physicians (FPs) are on the front line in the management process of these patients. For 'long-term Covid-19' patients, and according to the World Health Organization guideline, the cardiopulmonary rehabilitation (CPR) should be provided not only at tertiary-or secondary care but mainly at primary care with a real implication of FPs. However, specific guidelines/recommendations were addressed for FPs. Therefore, an alternative including the CPR minimal advice that an FP should provide to 'long-term Covid-19' patients, seems to be necessary to respond to the needs of FPs to face their involvement with 'long-term Covid-19' patients. Thus, this paper aimed to report the CPR 'minimal advice' that should be provided by FPs managing 'long-term Covid-19' patients with incapacity (i.e.; alteration of the cardiorespiratory and muscular chain). According to the authors, FPs should be more cautious in the prescription of exercise and nutrition program and informed about the minimal advices related to nutritional and physical exercise rehabilitation guidelines when taking care of 'long-term Covid-19' patients, and how these guidelines can relieve the mental and physical problems, improve immunity, and accelerate the recovery process of the patients. With the occurrence of new variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the nutritional and exercise rehabilitation guidelines implemented by FPs become indispensable to promote the recovery of Covid-19 patients and support a return to normal life.

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Background: Feeding problems are common in autism. Parents are frequently worried about the health status of their children, which may be threatened by some consequent nutritional deficiencies. Despite this, feeding behaviours remain little explored by clinicians working with children with autism spectrum disorders and researches are lacking especially in Tunisia. Aim:To evaluate the frequency and the types of feeding problems in children with autism spectrum disorders. Settings and Design:A comparison was made between 57 children with autism spectrum disorders and 57 control groups regarding the feeding problems. Parents completed the children's eating behavior inventory (CEBI). Autism severity is evaluated using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale. The SPSS statistical package, version 20.0 was used.Results: According to the CEBI, children with autism spectrum disorders showed more feeding problems than the control group (82.4% versus 56.1%, p=0.002). In fact, the parents of these children observed more pica habits on their children compared to the control group (p=0.000). They also observed more selectivity for starchy foods compared to the control group (p=0.000). The more the autistic symptoms were severe, the more children exhibited feeding problems (p=0.02). Conclusions:Our findings suggest that feeding problems are more common in children with autism. Clinical implications trigger the need for clinicians to provide the necessary assessment and treatment.

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Objective: To evaluate anxiety and self-esteem in children who stutter compared to a control sample and to describe parental attitudes.Methods: Employing a cross-sectional study, participants included 49 children who stutter and 53 controls. We have administred the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Coopersmith self-esteem Inventory (the school form) to evaluate respectively anxiety symptoms and self-esteem. We have also examined parental attitudes.Results: Compared with controls, the stuttering group showed higher levels in anxiety state (p=0.001) and anxiety trait (p=0.01). Children who stutter had also a significant low self-esteem in the general domain (p=0.01) and in academic domain (p=0.04). Negative parental attitudes were significantly associated to anxiety and to poor self-esteem.Conclusions: Stuttering appears to be associated with a heightened risk for the development of anxiety and low self-esteem. Indeed, misguided parental attitudes are risk factors for anxiety and low self-esteem. These results highlight the need for mutidisciplinary approaches on stuttering treatment including speech therapy, child psychology care and parental guidance.