A transabdominal Doppler technique for the recording of fetal heart rate (FHR) was investigated in the bovine fetus. During the last 2 weeks of gestation recordings were made once or twice per week in eight cows by placing a 1.5 MHz Doppler transducer on the right ventral abdominal wall. Continuous FHR recordings with a duration of more than 30 min were obtained in 29 of the 35 sessions. Major displacements of the fetus were the main cause of recording failure. The overall mean baseline FHR was 105 +/- 1.5 bpm with a range of 90 to 125 bpm. The mean bandwidth of the baseline FHR was 10.8 +/- 0.7 bpm with a range of < 5 to 20 bpm. Periods with different bandwidths alternated. The alternation of bovine FHR patterns pointed to the existence of different fetal behavioural states. The mean number of accelerations of FHR was 7.1 +/- 1.0 per hour. Many of the accelerations coincided with visible or perceptible fetal body movements. Decelerations of FHR occurred less frequently (range 0 to 4 per h). A period of tachycardia accompanied by an increased number of fetal movements occurred in 3 of the 29 FHR recordings. This non-invasive technique appears to be suitable to study FHR patterns during gestation and to investigate the presence and characteristics of behavioural states in the bovine fetus. It also provides the possibility to study effects on the fetus of drugs administered to the dam.
Shortening the turnaround time of microbiological procedures was associated with an improved clinical outcome in two studies performed in the USA. To study the clinical impact of a shortened turnaround time in a northwest European setting in which an automated system was used for bacterial identification and susceptibility testing, a single-blind, prospective, randomised controlled trial was conducted in a hospital in the Netherlands. All hospitalised patients with a bacterial infection confirmed by culture were randomly assigned to a control (conventional) group or an intervention (rapid) group. Overnight methods were used for identification and susceptibility testing in the control group, while the Vitek 2 system (bioMerieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) was used in the rapid group. In each of three consecutive study periods, accelerating factors were added progressively to the laboratory workflow of the rapid group to increase same-day reporting, whereas methods remained identical in the conventional group. The turnaround time of the microbiological cycle using the Vitek 2 system as compared to conventional methods was studied and the clinical impact of a shortened turnaround time assessed in terms of mortality, morbidity, and cost. For the rapid groups, the turnaround time was significantly shorter for oral reporting of final susceptibility results in all three study periods and for reporting on paper in the third study period. There was no significant difference between groups in any of the clinical impact variables. Vitek 2 results were available for reporting significantly earlier as compared to conventional testing. For the overall patient group in our hospital setting, however, this had no clinical impact.
ContentsPseudopregnancy in goats occurs when the corpus luteum (CL) persists in the absence of a viable conceptus. In this study, effects of active immunization against PGFza (prostaglandin F2a) on the occurence of pseudopregnancy were investigated. Does were either immunized against PGF2,-ovalbumin (I-group; n= 1 l), ovalbumin (CI-group; n=4) or remained untreated (C-group; n=S). Persistence of luteal function occurred in 7 animals of the I-group and one goat from the CI-group. Accumulation of fluid in the uterus of pseudopregnant goats was first detected between days 29 and 38 of the luteal phase. Immunization against PGF2, therefore can induce persistence of the CL and leads to accumulation of fluid in the uterus. The lifespan of the persistent CL is slightly longer than the duration of a normal pregnancy.
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