A field experiment was carried out during the years 2013, 2014 and 2015 on Eureka lemon at El-Nubaria region, El-Beheira governorate, to study the effect of farmyard manure and biofertilizers with NPK dose on soil fertility, growth, yield, fruit quality and leaf nutrient content of Eureka lemon trees. Eleven treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Results revealed significant differences amongst various growth attributes, fruit yield, fruit quality, leaf mineral content and soil nutrients availability due to farmyard manure and biofertilizers application. Also, farmyard manure and biofertilizers could compensate for the 50% reduction of chemical fertilizers, and increasing yield compared to chemical fertilizers with significant differences. Therefore, treatment of 50% NPK + 55 kg farmyard manure + biofertilizers is recommended for growers. This treatment gave the best growth, yield and fruit quality of Eureka lemon trees. Moreover, this treatment improved the nutritional status of the trees, through the beneficial effects of organic and biofertilizers which enhanced the availability of most nutrients in the soil.
Natural products have been used to improve citrus fruit quality and storability, which increase the fruit marketing period and exportation to distant markets. This study was conducted to evaluate the role of salicylic acid and putrescine on reducing post-harvest loss and maintaining the quality of stored Murcott mandarin. Fruit were harvested at 297–300 days from full bloom, and five 5-min dipping treatments were applied; salicylic acid (200 and 400 ppm), putrescine (50 and 100 ppm), and the control. One group of fruit was stored at 5 ± 1 °C and 90–95% relative humidity (RH), and the other group was stored at 23 ± 1 °C and 60–70% RH for 45 days. Quality attributes were recorded at harvest, 15, 30, and 45 days of storage. Weight loss and decay were significantly decreased with the application of salicylic acid and putrescine. Both materials were also effective maintaining fruit firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, TSS: acid ratio, and ascorbic acid during storage. Salicylic acid, especially at 400 ppm was more effective to reduce weight loss and decay, and to maintain fruit quality in comparison to putrescine treatments. It could be concluded that salicylic acid and putrescine are effectively delaying post-harvest deterioration rate and extending the storage period of Murcott mandarin fruit with acceptable quality.
This study was carried out during two successive growing seasons 2016 and 2017 at a private farm located at El-Nubaria, Beheira governorate, Egypt to study the effect of irrigation deficit at different growth stages on some vegetative growth parameters, yield and fruit quality of "Anna" apple trees. The obtained data showed that, the highest mean values for studied vegetative growth parameters such as shoot length, shoot diameter, leaf area and specific leaf weight , yield (kg/tree -ton/fed.), fruit set percentage and some fruit characters (fruit weight, fruit size, fruit length, fruit diameter and fruit shape) were recorded under control treatment (conventional irrigation). Meanwhile, vegetative growth parameters recorded the lowest values under T 6 treatment, while the lowest values of fruit set percentage and yield were recorded under T 5 . Fruit weight, fruit size, fruit length and fruit diameter recorded the least values with T 7 treatment. Concerning, productivity of irrigation water (PIW), whereas the highest values were obtained by T 6 treatment, T 5 treatment gave the lowest values. Fruit firmness, TSS and anthocyanin content in fruit peel of "Anna" apple were significantly affected by irrigation treatments, where, T 7 treatment recorded the highest values for measured fruit firmness and TSS, while T 6 treatment recorded the highest values for anthocyanin. The lowest values for measured fruit firmness, TSS and anthocyanin content were found under control condition (standard irrigation). Hence, we can recommend apple growers to apply T 3 treatment(12.972 m 3 /tree/year = 4540.2 m 3 /fed./year) to save 25%of irrigation water, as well as, to obtain about the same fruit set and yield of control trees.
Sunburn is a major problem caused by high temperature and direct solar radiation, which leads to significant economic losses in Balady mandarin yield. So, a field experiment was conducted during 2014 and 2015 seasons at a private orchard situated in Motobus, Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, Egypt, to study the effect of foliar spray of 0, 2, 3 and 4% kaolin, twice or three times at May, June and July on sunburn percentage and fruit quality of Balady mandarin trees. The obtained results showed that, kaolin foliar applications were effective to control fruit sunburn as well as reducing severity percentage of sunburned fruits as compared to untreated trees. Moreover, Kaolin foliar application at three times was decreased leaf and fruit surface temperature especially at the concentrations of 3 and 4%. In addition, kaolin treatments increased yield and improved fruit quality in terms of fruit size, diameter, weight, peel thickness and vitamin C. Kaolin foliar spray was raising fruit values of SSC%, acidity and SSC/acid ratio compared to control trees, whereas there is no significant variation among kaolin concentrations on this variables. Therefore, it could be recommended that, spraying kaolin at 3 or 4% three times in summer months, because it had a positive effect on preventing fruit sunburn damage and improvement yield and fruit quality of Balady mandarin trees.
The present work was conducted in a private orchard situated at Motobus, Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, Egypt during 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 seasons. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of kaolin foliar applications on disorder fruits, yield, fruit quality and storability of Balady mandarin fruits (Citrus reticulate,B) for 45 days. Trees were sprayed with kaolin at five concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4% ) for three times in summer. Fruit samples were divided into two groups and stored at 2±1 0 C and 6±1 0 C at 90-95% RH for 45 days.Results showed that, kaolin foliar applications led to increase yield (as number, weight and (kg) of fruits/tree), reduced fruit disorders and improved fruit quality, moreover, it recorded the highest peel fruit firmness, acidity level, soluble solids content (SSC %) and vitamin C content at harvest time. The highest level of kaolin spray (4%)significantly enhanced such trials compared to control and the other kaolin concentrations.In addition, kaolin foliar application at 4 % were the most effective treatment in maintaining fruit quality of Balady mandarin fruits during cold storage at the two storage temperatures (2±1 0 C or at 6±1 0 C) for the two seasons, which significantly indicated by reducing weight loss and decay as well as chilling injuries percentages. Also, kaolin treatments at (4 and 3%) recorded the highest values of peel fruit firmness, high levels of SSC, acidity and vitamin C contents compared to the other treatments till the end of storage period, with no significant changes in SSC/acid ratio. Therefore, spraying with kaolin at 4 % three times in summer months, considered as the most effective treatment in reducing pre-harvest disorder fruits, improving yield and fruit quality at harvest time and maintained good quality and extending storability of Balady mandarin fruits over the other treatments or control during cold storage at (2±1 or 6±1 0 C).
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