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Significant increase in serum HGF levels were found in patients with breast cancer as compared with controls. Significant increase was also seen in patients with breast cancer with and without lymph node metastasis when each subgroup was compared with controls. Serum level of HGF is an independent prognostic indicator of breast cancer. Fibrocystic disease of the breast showed weak HGFR expression, while in normal tissue, HGFR was scanty; meanwhile, breast invasive ductal carcinoma showed homogenous strong reaction to HGFR. HGF is only one of a number of key factors involved in breast cancer and preoperative high serum HGF levels and malignancy occur usually together.

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Background:Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer after the lung cancer worldwide and number one killing cancer in Egyptian females . It is a multifactorial disease driven by different environmental, hormonal, genetic and epigenetic factors. Epigenetic alterations have been studied in cancer breast. Role of GSTP1 promotor methylation in breast cancer has been studied in different ethnic groups. Objectives:Current study aimed at studying the methylation status of the promotor region of glutathione-S-transferase P1 in breast ductal carcinoma of a cohort group of Egyptian females and its correlations with histopathological and prognostic parameters. Methods:Control group included 15 fresh normal breast tissues taken from BC female patients after leaving a clearly defined safety margin and a Patient group included confirmed 35 fresh breast ductal carcinoma tissue biopsies taken from female patients postoperatively. To all patients clinical examination, radiological examination (plain X-ray chest and or CT scan, ultrasonography of abdomen and pelvis were done), in addition to histopathological examination, typing, grading and staging of tumour, hormonal receptors status and molecular typing of breast mass. GSTP1 methylation status was evaluated using methyl specific polymerase chain reaction. Results:Statistical significant increase was found in methylation status of GSTP1 promotor gene in BC cases than that in control group, (60% of patients samples had methylated GSTP1 promotor vs only 6.7% of controls) (p= >0.001). No association was found between GSTP1 promotor methylation status and the poor prognostic factors neither with hormonal profile nor molecular type. However, GSTP1 promotor methylation were two times higher in postmenopausal than premenopausal cases and three times higher in late grade (III). Also GSTP1 promotor methylation was 2.4 times higher in Her2 positive cases than either ER or PR positive cases. Conclusion: Glutathione-S-Transferase P1 Promotor methylation plays a role in breast cancer development.

Background: Diabetes clustered with hypertension and nephropathy is the commonest cause of end stage renal disease. Dopamine, an ancestral catecholamine, is involved in the regulation of sodium homeostasis and blood pressure. Renalase metabolises circulating catecholamines and is thought to regulate blood pressure. This study aimed to assess the relationship between dopamine and renalase in type 2 diabetic patients with and without diabetic nephropathy. Methods: This study was conducted on 80 subjects. Group 1 included 10 healthy subjects as controls, group 2 included 60 type 2 diabetic patients with normal or increased albumin excretion rate (AER) and group 3 included 10 type 2 diabetic patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HD). Thorough clinical assessment and laboratory investigations included estimation of serum levels of fasting glucose (FSG), creatinine, urea, calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol (total and high and low-density lipoprotein) and triglycerides. Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) was estimated to assess AER and plasma dopamine and serum renalase were estimated. Results: There were no significant differences in the mean dopamine levels between the three studied groups. Renalase level was significantly higher in HD patients than controls and other diabetic patients. Diabetic patients with increased AER had significantly higher systolic blood pressure, serum creatinine and renalase levels than diabetic patients with normal AER. Diabetic patients with increased serum creatinine ≥ 1.5 mg/dl had significantly longer duration of diabetes and higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures. They also had significantly higher AER, FSG, dopamine and renalase levels than diabetic patients with serum creatinine < 1.5 mg/dl. ACR was positively correlated with duration of diabetes, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and serum creatinine and negatively correlated with the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Renalase was positively correlated with diastolic blood pressure, ACR, serum creatinine, phosphorus and dopamine Conclusion: Serum levels of renalase are increased in type 2 diabetic patients with renal dysfunction. Renalase levels may be increased to compensate for the increase in dopamine level. The higher renalase level in HD patients may be due to much lower renalase clearance, higher production or slower degradation in these patients.