Abstract-Level design is an art which consists of creating the combination of challenge, competition, and interaction that players call fun and involves a careful and deliberate development of the game space. When working with procedural content generation, it is necessary to review how the game designer sets the change in difficulty throughout the different levels. In this paper we present a procedural level generator that can be used for different games and is based on a genetic algorithm. We define a fitness function that does not depend on the game or content type. This function calculates the difference between the difficulty curve defined by the designer and the difficulty curve calculated for the candidate content, so the best content is the one whose difficulty curve best fits the desired curve. To design our generator, we rely on the concept of flow, theories of fun and game design.
Although there is a growing consensus that, in reading acquisition, it is essential to provide children with learning activities that promote the development of reading cognitive schemes, particularly intra-syllabic related patterns, there is no agreement on which kind of syllabic schemes should be worked out in the first place. The main aim of the present study is to analyse the readings of preschool Spanish-speaking children showing the development of syllabic schemes in the early stages of reading acquisition. Basically, we analyse their responses in relation to their previous knowledge of Spanish grapheme-phoneme correspondences (GPCs) or alphabet knowledge. Our results show that children's recognition and construction of syllabic schemes, from the very first steps in preschool reading acquisition programmes, is facilitated by reading activities presenting shell-nucleus syllabic patterns, for which the only requirement, although not indispensable, is to know the five or six Spanish vowel GPCs. This kind of activity seems to be more adequate than reading drills involving onset-rhyme syllabic analogies that require previous knowledge of consonant GPCs. The conclusion we have reached is that the development of onset-rhyme syllabic reading schemes shows a stronger relation to alphabet knowledge that shell-nucleus syllabic reading schemes, at least in the early stages of reading learning.
Number and its basic operations can be conceptualized within a general system of relationships. Children need to build a number system within which they can add, subtract, multiply, and divide any rational number. Products and quotients can be defined in terms of general relational schemes. In this study, we examine whether elementary school children can construct a number system such that multiplication and division of fractions are based on the construction of general relational schemata. Student groups are not homogeneous and children progress at different rates. For reliable assessment, teachers need methods to examine developmental and individual differences in cognitive representations of mathematical concepts and operations. A logistic regression curve offers a visualization of the learning process as a function of the average grades. Item analysis of multiplication and division of fractions shows an improvement in the probability of a correct answer, especially for students with a higher average score.
En este artículo describimos el ámbito de la investigación en el estado de Puebla, México, cuyos resultados han sido publicados en revistas indizadas en la Web of Science (WoS). El corpus examinado fue recopilado mediante el procedimiento de búsqueda con la palabra “puebla” en los campos organización y dirección, restringido al periodo 2008-2012. Como se desprende de los datos obtenidos la Universidad Autónoma de Puebla y el Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica son los organismos más productivos del estado de Puebla. Nos centramos en los 102 artículos más citados del periodo y observamos que la producción científica con participación de instituciones poblanas se concentra en las ciencias físicas y biomédicas. Esta producción, mayoritariamente, proviene de colaboraciones de carácter internacional y las publicaciones más citadas presentan al menos tres autores; mientras que los textos de responsabilidad individual tienen poco impacto, de acuerdo con el número de citas registradas. Asimismo, estudiamos las diferencias por áreas científicas en cuanto a producción e impacto en términos de citas.AbstractThis article describes the scope and characteristics of the research developed in the state of Puebla, Mexico, whose results have been published in journals indexed in the Web of Science. The analyzed corpus was compiled by the search procedure with the word “puebla” in the organization and address fields, restricted to the period 2008-2012. We observed from the data obtained that the Universidad Autónoma de Puebla and the Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica are the most productive institutions of Puebla. Our focus was on the 102 most cited articles of the period. Scientific production of Puebla institutions focuses on the physical and biomedical sciences and this production derives mostly from international collaborations. The multiauthor articles (at least three authors) are the most cited publications, while the individual research papers have little impact according to their number of citations. Finally, we analyze the differences in impact factor across scientific fields.
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