of carbon-based material is 372 mAh g −1 , and it is almost achieved in various research fields. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] As alternative candidate for the LIB anode, recent studies focused on siliconbased materials and especially on single crystalline silicon that exhibits a theoretical capacity of ≈3579 mAh g −1 of (ten times that of carbon-based materials). [19][20][21] Unfortunately, silicon-based materials exhibit a crucial limitation in terms of their use as the active material of an anode. The silicon-based active materials expand their volume up to 300% from the initial volume during the charge/discharge process. [22][23][24] The expansion of silicon leads to the destruction of initial architecture of the active material and results in a significant decrease in the capacity. Several methods are reported to overcome the drawback and include nano-structuring of silicon, [25][26][27][28][29][30][31] and yolk shell structure, [22,[32][33][34] although they are still insufficient in terms of providing good stability in the charge/discharge process. Specifically, Silicon oxide (SiO x )based materials that exhibit more oxygen than single crystal silicon provide several benefits to overcome the limitations of both carbon-and silicon-based materials. Although SiO x -based materials exhibit relatively lower capacity than that of single silicon, their volumetric expansion is significantly lower since the oxygen prevents the phase transition of silicon crystalline and provides high stable cycle retention. Additionally, the SiO x structure includes Si elements in its chemical structure, and thus the material exhibits a higher capacity than carbon-based materials. [35][36][37][38] Additionally, it is also important to perform the micro-structuring of active materials since the structure directly affects electrical properties. Among the micro-structuring of active materials, the electrospun nanofiber that exhibits straight continuous fibril structures exhibits significantly low resistance and high capacity of the LIB since the structure provides an electron-conductive pathway and a narrow lithium-ion diffusion layer. [39][40][41] However, despite the aforementioned advantages, the practical usage of electrospun nanofiber in the industry is poor, and this is mainly due to the low productivity of electrospinning. [42,43] Our team previously reported on a syringeless electrospinning system by using a helically probed rotating cylindrical structure (HPRC). [44,45] The system Carbon Nanofibers In this study, electrospun carbon nanofibers hybridized with silicon oxide (SiO x ) are prepared by using a syringeless electrospinning system of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) solution containing tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) via a sequential pyrolysis process. The syringeless electrospinning system provides a large number of composite nanofibers in a short time, and the obtained composite nanofibers exhibit uniform diameter and morphology. The composite nanofiber is converted into a carbon nanofiber containing SiO x via a simple pyrolys...
The increase in demand for energy storage devices, including portable electronic devices, electronic mobile devices, and energy storage systems, has led to substantial growth in the market for Li-ion batteries (LiB). However, the resulting environmental concerns from the waste of LiB and pollutants from the manufacturing process have attracted considerable attention. In particular, N-methylpyrrolidone, which is utilized during the manufacturing process for preparing cathode or anode slurries, is a toxic organic pollutant. Therefore, the dry-based process for electrodes is of special interest nowadays. Herein, we report the fabrication of a cathode by a mortar-based dry process using NCM811, a carbon conductor, and poly(tetrafluoroethylene)binder. The electrochemical performance of the cathode was compared in terms of the types of conductors: carbon nanotubes and carbon black. The electrodes with carbon nanotubes showed an ameliorated performance in terms of cycle testing, capacity retention, and mechanical properties.
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