JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Mon, 8 Dec 2014 01:58:43 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Modern Europe 975 Modern Europe 975 without any indication whatever as to what or who the first Pugachev may have been. Perhaps British undergraduates can be trusted to have had recent exposure to general Russian history (Trebilcock teaches at Cambridge University); my experiences with American undergraduates lead me to anticipate that successful use of this text will require instructors to perform heroic remedial tasks.Chapter 5 is entitled "The Powers of Deprivation: Italy, Austria-Hungary, Spain." It is not up to the standards of the previous chapters; its treatment is thematic rather than nation by nation, so that it will be impossible for students to form a sequential picture of nineteenth-century development for each of these countries. This chapter, furthermore, underplays both the potentials and the achievements of western Austria-Hungary and northern Italy. And it ends rather weakly by concluding that for these three cases "economic success or failure seems to be geared unusually closely to the overall quality of government policy" (p. 379). This last theme is addressed again in the lively and ambitious concluding chapter, which suggests that a useful modification of Gerschenkron's model would take into account not only how entrepreneurs, financial institutions, and states attempt to compensate for backwardness but also how, occasionally, governments and some social groups attempt (deliberately or otherwise) actually to throttle growth.Appended to this book are a score of carefully explained statistical tables and a highly useful, chapter-by-chapter bibliography. Although for American students, at least, this work has to be paired with a substantial account of British economic history, I feel Trebilcock should now be considered as "the" text in nineteenth-century European economic history.
The revolution of 1848, by ending the system of serfdom, had created the basic conditions of Hungary's industrialization; however, since the revolution had remained incomplete and the War of Independence had been lost, the ensuing suppression by Austrian absolutism and the considerable feudal survivals proved a strong barrier to the way of social and economic progress. The Austro-Hungarian monarchy, a product of the Compromise of 1867, offered somewhat more favorable conditions for economic development. Nevertheless, the structure of the dual monarchy kept Hungary's industrialization within rather narrow limits: the absence of independent statehood and the existence of a common customs area with Austria exposed the Hungarian market to devastating competition from Austria's more advanced manufacturing industry; and since these circumstances helped to consolidate the political and economic power of the large landowners, the capital accumulating within the country served above all the capitalist development of agriculture. So towards the end of the nineteenth century, nearly half a century after the bourgeois revolution, Hungary was still a wholly agrarian country whose major exports were foodstuffs and agricultural produce. The rapid development of manufacturing industry began as late as the last decade of the nineteenth century and continued until the beginning of World War I, over a span of some twenty-five years.
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