The impact of two factors, genotype (G) and treatment (raw or roasted peanut) (T), on the chemical composition of peanuts was studied using a chemometric method and Tukey's test. The peanut genotypes evaluated were cultivar cavalo vermelho (CCV), cultivar cavalo rosa (CCR) and cultivar tatu (CTA), in both raw and roasted states. The total lipid contents in the CTA and CCR peanuts were 40 and 45%, respectively. These values did not vary significantly (P b 0.05) after roasting. CCV had the greatest total lipid content, but it decreased significantly after roasting (from 50% to 45%). The variation in the percentage of lipids in the CCV and CCR genotypes was not significant, in contrast to the CTA genotype. The fatty acid (FA) 18:1n−9 predominated in the CCR and CCV samples (50%), without any difference between their raw genotypes. The values for FA 18:1n−9 were lower in the CTA peanut (40%). The second most abundant FA was 18:2n−6 (CCV = 28%, CTA = 38% and CCR = 25%), followed by 16:0 (CCV and CCR = 16% and CTA = 11%). The other FAs found in the peanuts were 18:0, 20:0, 22:0, 24:0, 20:1n−9 and 18:3n−3. The contents of FAs 18:1n−9, 16:0, 20:0, and 20:1n−9 suffered significant reduction after roasting in all genotypes. ANOVA analysis of the influence of the main factors indicated that the contribution of the T variable for the majority of responses was low, being between 0.2 and 13%, except for FAs 16:0 and 18:3n−3 and for the saturated FA summations, which were 38, 60 and 22%, respectively. There was a significant contribution from the G factor for all responses, with values between 17 and 99%. The contribution of the interaction between the T and G factors was greater for the responses n6/n3 (56.6%) and for the FA 16:0 (23%). The other responses had values between 0.02 and 14%.

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This study validated different extraction methodologies and compared the quantification of cholesterol by gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in mg per 100 g of Italian-type salami and traditional bologna. The GC method used was direct saponification of the samples without derivatizations and the HPLC method was used to extract of the lipid samples. The GC limits of detection and quantification obtained for cholesterol were, respectively, 0.001 and 0.003 mg.g^–1. The HPLC values were 0.005 mg.g^–1 and 0.016 mg.g^–1. The GC recovery rate was 97.10 ± 0.13 and that of HPLC was 93.33 ± 0.22. Comparison of the cholesterol quantity found using the two chromatographic techniques shows that both are capable of quantifying cholesterol in the foods. With regard to costs, analysis time, the cost/benefit relationship was better with gas chromatography than that obtained with high performance liquid chromatography

Recently, developing bio-based carbon materials due to the surface chemistry and a large spectrum of pore structures have received much attention. In the present work, a series of activated carbon (AC) adsorbents were synthesized from the compost derived by the mechanical/biological treatment of municipal solid wastes and evaluated regarding their CO 2 uptake. The AC samples were characterized by sulfuric acid and calcination by N 2 at 400 and 800°C. Then, the CO 2 uptake capacities were evaluated by dynamic breakthrough experiments in a temperature range of 40-100°C and pressures up to 3 bar. The presented data were properly described by Langmuir model and it was revealed that the CMSW-S-800 sample, treated with sulfuric acid and activated at 800°C, has the highest CO 2 uptake capacity with an amount adsorbed around 2.6 mol/kg at 40°C. In the next step, a mathematical model has been developed to match the experimental dynamic breakthrough data and design a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) cyclic process to evaluate the capacity and potential of the best AC sample for CO 2 adsorption. The results arising from this work showed a possible route for the application of the compost as a source of activated carbon for the sorption of greenhouse gases.

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A full factorial design 2(2) (two factors at two levels) with duplicates was performed to investigate the influence of the factors agitation time (2 and 4 h) and the percentage of KOH (60% and 80% w/v) in the saponification of samples for the determination of α, β and γ+δ-tocopherols. The study used samples of peanuts (cultivar armadillo), produced and marketed in Maringá, PR. The factors % KOH and agitation time were significant, and an increase in their values contributed negatively to the responses. The interaction effect was not significant for the response δ-tocopherol, and the contribution of this effect to the other responses was positive, but less than 10%. The ANOVA and response surfaces analysis showed that the most efficient saponification procedure was obtained using a 60% (w/v) solution of KOH and with an agitation time of 2 h.

In the present study the free incompressible isothermal turbulent coaxial jet problem is numerically solved, and compared with experimental measurements for different velocity ratio between the inner and the outer streams of the jet. The radial profile of the axial mean velocity was obtained with hot anemometry at different axial positions. Governing equations (mass conservation, momentum, turbulence model) were discretized employing the finite volume method with a segregated solver. The analysis of the experimental results showed that coaxial jet flow fields did not present self-similarity up to z/D=25, and the numerical solution using the Shih’s k ε turbulence model did not match reasonably with the experimental data, with a difference of about ± 10%.