Nano-and micro-scale engineered surface structures are often used to control cell morphology and mimic the extracellular matrix in tissue engineering. However, there is little understanding of how toxins produced by common bacteria might affect cell adhesion to these structures. In this study, human dermal fibroblast (GM5565) cells were incubated on patterned tungsten/silicon oxide nanocomposite in media in the presence or absence of Antimycin A. This composite consists of parallel tungsten and silicon oxide lines with identical widths in the range of 0.18 and 50 lm. The morphology of the cells and of their mitochondria was characterized by using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence confocal microscopy. Results show that cells preferentially align along the line axes in a patterndependent manner, with a maximum population of cells oriented within 10 of the line axes on the structures containing 10 lm wide lines. Cells treated with Antimycin A, however, show a smaller proportion of cells oriented in this direction as compared to cells cultured in Antimycin A-free media (34.4% vs 53.0%). The majority of mitochondria in cells growing in Antimycin A-free media are tubular in shape and are preferentially positioned on the tungsten lines, whereas these organelles exhibit a circular geometry and are less attracted to the metal lines in the presence of Antimycin A.
In this article, a stochastic model is suggested to analyze the performance of a system in which territorially distributed subsystems share their capabilities. Each subsystem is considered as an M/M/K/K queueing model, and the stochastic model is formulated by structuring the transition rate matrices (TRMs) of the subsystems according to a cooperative structure. In other words, the structuring rules for the TRMs are presented to describe various collaborative networks. Furthermore, through numerical experiments on some examples, the instances of the effectiveness analysis for capacity pooling systems with full/partial pooling strategies are presented, and the optimal resource allocation problem is reviewed by considering system performance and the cooperative cost of subsystems. The problems show the possibility that partial pooling strategy can substitute full pooling system through the optimal design of cooperative network including resource allocation.
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