Background: Embryology forms an important part of Anatomy in medical curriculum. As a subject it is difficult for the first year students. The aim of the study was to make the subject simple, to inculcate interest and to reach to different types of learners as possible and to assess the effect of various teaching methods on learning.Methods: First year medical students were taught Embryology using different methods over one academic year by one faculty member. In addition to black board and power point as the main methods of teaching, supplementary methods like videos, props, models, handouts & quiz were also used. These were compared on different parameters of teaching-learning process like conceptual understanding, recollection & long term memory, reproducibility & writing in exam, structure and sequence of events, drawing of diagrams, clinical application, overall effectiveness and fun in the process of learning. A comparison of different methods of teaching was done in the form a written feedback questionnaire.Results: It was observed that 73.9% students preferred Black board, 21.73% preferred Power point and 4.34% opted for videos as the choice of method. The study also revealed that 76.08% of students preferred a combination of different methods for the embryology lectures, where as 15.21% preferred only Black Board, 6.52% preferred only Power Point and 2.17% of students preferred only Videos as the method for learning Embryology.Most of the parameters of teaching Embryology were better fulfilled by black board method specially drawing of diagrams (82.60% students). However for clinical application of the subject, power point (50.43% students) was preferred. The students' response revealed that Quiz was a fun loving method of learning (40%students), whereas (31.3%students) enjoyed videos on Embryology. The overall effectiveness of Black board was found to be (60.86%), Power point (18.2%), Videos (8.69%), Props (4.34%), Quiz (3.47%), Handouts (2.6%) and Models (1.73%).Conclusions: A multi-modal approach was made to facilitate and enhance the learning process of the subject. The study revealed that blackboard was the most valued method for teaching-learning Embryology.
Introduction: The characteristic feature of the cervical vertebrae is the presence of Foramen Transversarium (FT) in the transverse process. This foramen usually contains vertebral artery (except in C7 vertebra), veins and sympathetic plexus. The deformity and variations of this foramen may result in derangement of neurovascular structures passing through it, which may lead to various symptoms. The aetiology of morphological variations is related to developmental factors, mechanical stress and variations in the course of vertebral artery. Some studies have been done on accessory FT, but few give detailed analysis of morphometric variations of FT in cervical vertebrae. Aim: The aim of the study was to examine the morphological and morphometric variations in the FT of cervical vertebrae (typical and atypical). Materials and Methods: This was a retrospectively designed osteological observational study. The duration of the study was six months, from Dec 2019 to May 2020. The study was conducted on 750 cervical vertebrae (265 typical and 485 atypical). In each cervical vertebrae, the FT was observed for the following parameters; shape, size, maximum anteroposterior diameter, maximum transverse diameter, area and number. Digital vernier caliper was used for morphometric measurements. Photographs were taken and archived. Descriptive analysis and evaluation was done with SPSS statistics programme. results: In 300 (40%) vertebrae, shape of the FT was bilaterally symmetrical and in 450 (60%) vertebrae, it was asymmetrical on both sides. It was observed that maximum anteroposterior diameter and transverse diameter were seen in C1 vertebrae. There was no significant statistical difference between the mean diameters of the left and right side. Maximum area was also seen in C1 vertebrae, with values of 34.76 mm2 on left and 34.84 mm2 on right. Out of the 750 cervical vertebrae, 113 (15%) showed an accessory FT in the transverse process. Amongst these, in 30 (4%) cervical vertebrae, the accessory FT were present bilaterally and in 83 (11%) seen on one side only. conclusion: The present study demonstrates that different cervical vertebrae (typical and atypical) show considerable morphological variations in terms of shape, size, area and number of FT. Awareness of such variations is of significance to anatomists, clinicians and surgeons.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.