Molecular-dynamics-simulation techniques have been used to investigate the effect of temperature on the three low index surfaces of nickel oxide. The surface energies for the [100},[110},and Ni [111} surfaces have been calculated as a function of temperature for NiO. The surface energies for all three surfaces were essentially constant up to 2000 K, when surface melting was observed for the less densely packed surfaces such as the [110}and Ni [111}surfaces. The [110}surface reconstructed to give [100} microfacets that are densely packed, and hence the surface disorder was less than the Ni [111 } surface.The defective (Ni'+) Ni [111}surface showed a similar tendency but was less marked, partly due to the increased charge at the surface. The oxidation energy was negative, indicating that thermodynamically the surface would oxidize.

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✓ The central canal of the spinal cord was studied with canal occlusion alone, and in experimental (kaolin) hydrocephalus without and with central canal occlusion. Massive dilatation of the canal occurred with kaolin hydrocephalus. Syrinxes extending into the gray and white matter of the cord and communicating with the central canal developed in both the upper and lower spinal cord. The completely isolated central canal (occlusion at the obex and filum terminale) did not dilate, but remained patent. Canal occlusion at the obex and filum terminale completely protected the spinal cord from central canal dilatation or syrinxes in kaolin hydrocephalus. These findings suggest that the choroid plexus is responsible for producing neural tube dilatation in hydrocephalus. It also supports the concept that syringomyelia results from inadequate drainage of cerebrospinal fluid and increased pressure (or pulse pressure) in the spinal cord central canal.