Modeling aims to represent a system in a given formalism. As representations based on high level modeling languages can be interpreted in many ways, constraints are introduced to restrict the field of the possible. On the other hand, language semantics is defined using constraints as well. Within the context of the UML, a classification is proposed to clarify the nature of the constraints that must be fulfilled to ensure model correctness. Constraint violations are only warnings while others are serious. Depending on the kind and the context of the violation, help and advice can be supplied, and improvements may be conditionally done. In the UML, constraints are assertions described in a side-effect free language (OCL), while actions are not supplied. To extend capabilities, the constraints are translated into well-using modeling rules that form the knowledge base of an expert system in modeling. This modeling companion is briefly outlined.
RESUME. Aider un utilisateur dans ses activités médiées par un environnement informatique pose des questions liées à la complexité potentielle du couplage utilisateurenvironnement. Une combinatoire de situations imprévisibles rend toute tentative d'aide prescriptive très difficile et le terme faciliter sera préféré au terme assister. Ce sont les traces d'interaction, considérées comme inscriptions de l'expérience d'utilisation tracée, qui sont proposés comme source de facilitation en situation. L'hypothèse d'une empathie entre la trace inscrivant l'expérience et l'expérience vécue par l'utilisateur est à la base du principe de facilitation proposé. Cette hypothèse repose sur la capacité pour l'utilisateur de s'approprier le dispositif de facilitation en lui donnant les moyens de négocier la manière dont ce dispositif interviendra dans le processus de facilitation. Une réalisation sous forme d'un compagnon développé pour faciliter l'appropriation d'une suite logicielle de conception est détaillée pour illustrer de manière concrète les principes et les propositions faites. La discussion ouvre la voie à la formalisation de l'approche de facilitation à partir de traces en proposant de considérer les traces d'utilisation comme de nouveaux objets informatiques à la base d'une exploitation métacognitive explicite par l'utilisateur.
Evaluation of automatic indexing is a common practice. Whenever new algorithms are created to generate semantic structures, it is necessary for their designers to demonstrate how better they are in the particular context for which they have been developed. However, the evaluation depends on the availability of a result of reference. Should such a reference be missing, evaluation is replaced by confrontation. There the structures themselves have to be compared instead of shared metrics, sometimes without even the option to choose the best one. Our work takes place in this context. We present a method for human-driven confrontation of specialized semantic structures. Our aim is to improve the user's ability to use another person's work to enhance his.
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