The ultrasonic range finder sensors are widely used sensor in many applications such as computer applications, general purpose applications, medical applications, automotive applications and industrial grade applications. The ultrasonic range finder sensor has many advantages. The advantages are easy to use, fast in measuring process, non-contact measurement and suitable for air and underwater environment. However, the ultrasonic range finder has deviation especially for low-cost sensor. It affects the accuracy level of the measurement result that performed by its sensor directly. The HC-SR04 categorized as a low-cost ultrasonic range finder sensor. This sensor has significant error level. The improvement of the accuracy level of this low-cost ultrasonic sensor is expected to this research. The Newton’s polynomial interpolation algorithm has been used in this research to reduce the error during the measurement process. The implementation of Newton’s polynomial interpolation has succeeded to improve the sensor accuracy. The MSE level of 29,96 is obtained without the Newton’s Polynomial Interpolation implementation. The implementation of the Newton’s Polynomial Interpolation algorithm has succeeded to increase the accuracy level of the sensor by 55,54%. It has been proofed by the decrease of MSE level by 13,32.
The ultrasonic range finder sensors is a general-purpose sensor to measure the distance contactless. This sensor categorized as low-cost sensor that widely used in various application. This sensor has a significant deviation that lead to significant error in the measurement result. The error that produced by this sensor tends to increase proportionally to the measured distance. The implementation of the particular algorithm is required to reduce the error value. The model-based calibration is a solution to increase the accuracy. The model-based solutions are no longer feasible if the states of the model have changed. The longer of the usage of the sensor lead to sensor fatigue. Sensor fatigue is one of the causes of model state changes. As long as the drift still within the tolerance limit, the performance of the sensor still can be restored by using calibration method. The model-based calibration calibrates the sensor by using the model. The update of the model must be made whenever the changing of the model state occurred. Since the manual model making process is not an easy task, time and cost required, then the Newton polynomial-based AMG (Automatic Model Generation) have been implemented to this research. The AMG algorithm generates the new sensor model automatically based on the most updated states. This automatic model generation is implemented in the calibration process of the ultrasonic sensor. The implementation of polynomial-based AMG algorithm for sensor calibration have been succeeded to improve the accuracy of the calibrated sensor by 96.4% and reduce the MSE level from 25.6 to 0.914.
Graphical abstract AbstractRoutines can affect the stability of the body that leads to decreased fitness, this affects daily activities. Pain is generally characterized by pain that will take the patient to the doctor for diagnostic information and healing. Infrared therapy is one of the alternatives in reducing the pain and this therapy can be done alone after the information from the doctor. Usually in determining the dose to note the distance of the object and the length of infrared irradiation on the object. This study aims to determine the effect of heat generated by infrared by setting the infrared intensity by using PWM (Pulse width modulation) as a dose controller. In addition to distance and time, the infrared intensity will also affect the resulting temperature. The greater the intensity level of radiation then the heat generated faster and conversely the smaller the intensity of the heat generated will be longer. The average of increasing temperature rate with a distance of 10 cm, a minute time interval and initial temperature by ±26.27 degree Celsius is 3.36 degree Celsius. The changing of radiation distance also been performed in this research. The interval distance was changed to 15 cm with initial temperature by ±26.27 degree Celsius. The longer of distance interval leads to decreased of average temperature rate by 3.28 degree Celsius. The duty cycle of PWM percentage, radiation distance and time interval are the factors that affect the changing of temperature rate.. AbstrakRutinitas dapat mempengarui kestabilan tubuh seseorang yang bisa menimbulkan penyakit sehingga dapat mempengaruhi aktifitas seseorang. Sakit pada umumnya ditandai dengan rasa nyeri yang akan membawakan penderita pergi ke dokter untuk mendapatkan informasi diagnosa dan penyembuhannya. Terapi inframerah merupakan salah satu alternatif dalam mengurangi rasa nyeri dan terapi ini dapat dilakukan sendiri setelah mendapatkan keterangan dari dokter. Biasanya dalam menentukan dosis perlu diperhatikan jarak objek dan lama penyinaran inframerah pada objek. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek panas yang dihasilkan inframerah dengan pengaturan intensitas inframerah dengan mengunakan PWM (Pulse width modulation) sebagai pengendali dosis. Selain jarak dan waktu, intensitas inframerah juga akan mempengruhi suhu yang dihasilkan. Semakin besar level intensitas penyinaran maka panas yang dihasilkan semakin cepat dan sebaliknya semakin kecil intensitas maka panas yang dihasilkan akan semakin lama. Peningkatan panas rata-rata yang dihasilkan tiap menit dengan jarak adalah 10 cm adalah 3,36 o C pada suhu awal sebelum penyinaran sebesar ±26,27 o C. Dan pada jarak 15 cm peningkatan suhu rata-rata sebesar 3,28 o C dengan suhu awal sebelum penyinaran sebesar ± 26.27 o C. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan selain jarak dan waktu, ducty cycle PWM akan mempengaruhi termperatur yang dihasilkan.
Indonesia is the one of the countries with the largest of sea area. However, the water surveillance categorized as minimum. The human resource and the low level of infrastructure are the causal of the minimum level of water surveillance. The human involvement of water surveillance has many weaknesses, such as weak against the change of the nature condition, limitation in reaching location, weak against water turbidity levels and water pollution. The utilization of ROV (Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicle) could be a solution in water surveillance problem. The development of ROV still not significant in Indonesia. The development costs are also a problem in development of ROV. Many researcher using USBL (Ultra Short Base Line) sensor to sense the depth of the ROV. However, the cost of this sensor is relatively expensive. The usage of low-cost pressure sensor could be a solution to replace the USBL sensor. The low-cost pressure sensor has a significant deviation. The implementation of Newton’s polynomials interpolation algorithm has been used to decreased the deviation level of the sensors. The result shows the algorithm has succeeded to decreased the deviation level of the pressure sensor significantly. The default sensor has significant MSE value of 42956.2. The Newton interpolation algorithm has been succeeded to reducing the MSE value to 17.82. The result of this research is expected to reduce the cost of the ROVs development especially for sensors cost.
The Sharp GP2Y0A02YK0F is categorized as a nonlinear sensor for distance measurement. This sensor is also categorized as a low-cost sensor. The higher resolution, cheap, high accuracy and easy to install are the advantages. The accuracy level of this sensor depends on the type of the measured object materials, requires an additional device unit and further processing is required since the output is non-linear. The distance determination is not easy for this type of sensor since the characteristic of this sensor fulfills non-injective function. The modelling process is one of methods to convert the output voltage of the sensor to a distance unit. The advantages of polynomial modelling are simple form model, moderate in flexibilities of shape, well known and understood properties, and easy to use for computational matters. The obstacle of polynomial-based modelling is the presence of Runge’s phenomenon. The minimization of Runge’s phenomenon can be done with decreasing the model order. The piecewise Newton polynomials with vertex determination method have been succeeded to generate a nonlinear model and minimize the occurrence of Runge’s phenomenon. The low level of MSE by 0.001 and error percentage of 2.38% has been obtained for the generated model. The low MSE level leads to the high accuracy level of the generated model.
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