Manufacturing process engineers must continually take decisions to make the processes efficient. Manufacturing time, surface finish and energy consumption are aspects to be optimized in machining. This study analyzes the efficiency of groove milling in milling aluminum alloys EN AW 2024-T3 with zig-zag and trochoidal strategies. Dynamic milling is designed to maximize the removal rate and optimize the tool performance. This generates a discontinuous cutting with minimum of heat reducing build-up with an optimal chip removal minimizing cutting edge wear. The influence of lateral pitch, feed per tooth, cutting speed and coolant pressure has been analyzed. The depth of curt has been adapted for each strategy and tool type. The study was proposed through a factorial design of experiments by the Taguchi method. The machining time (T) and energy consumption (EC) show a strong influence of the lateral step (a e ) in conventional milling. A similar level of influence appears with the feed per tooth (f z ) on the trochoidal. The roughness (Ra) is more influenced by cutting speed (V c ) for conventional milling and by feed per tooth (f z ) and lateral pitch (a e ) for the trochoidal.
An aero-structural algorithm to optimize a flying wing in cruise conditions for preliminary design is developed using two-way interaction between the structure and aerodynamics. A particle swarm routine is employed to solve the multi-objective optimization, aiming to reduce the weight of the structure and the aerodynamic drag at the design point. Different shapes are evaluated during the optimization process until the algorithm reaches the optimal wing aspect ratio, taper ratio, angle of incidence, twist angle, swept angle, and airfoil shape, where a six-parameters method is employed to allow reflex airfoils. A main isotropic I-beam models the wing structure. An extended vortex lattice model is employed to model the aerodynamics, along with a high-order panel method with fully coupled viscous interaction. The finite element method is used to solve the flying-wing structure under static loads. An algorithm is developed to iterate between the deflection of the wing and its impact on the aerodynamics until convergence is reached. Different constraints are implemented into the objective function to fulfil the structural criteria and the longitudinal static stability. A comparison against a baseline optimization is carried out, achieving higher efficiency and promising results in elliptical lift distribution, and a high static margin, without the use of non-constant twist. The results suggest that combining both reflex airfoils and sweep with washout is the optimal solution to reduce the drag and weight, keeping the longitudinal static stability criteria for tailless aircraft in the lower end of the transonic regime.
Even though some methods for the detection of colorectal cancer have been used clinically, most of the techniques used do not consider the in situ detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) biomarkers, which would favor in vivo real-time monitoring of the carcinogenesis process and consequent studies of the disease. In order to give a scientific and computational framework ideal for the evaluation of diagnosis techniques based on the early detection of biomarker molecules modeled as spherical particles from the computational point of view, a computational representation of the rectum, stool and biomarker particles was developed. As consequence of the transport of stool, there was a displacement of CRC biomarker particles that entered the system as a result of the cellular apoptosis processes in polyps with a length lower than 1 cm, reaching a maximum velocity of 3.47×10−3 m/s. The biomarkers studied showed trajectories distant to regions of the polyp of origin in 1 min of simulation. The research results show that the biomarker particles for CRC respond to the variations in the movements of the stool with trajectories and speeds that depend on the location of the injury, which will allow locating the regions with the highest possibilities of catching particles through in situ measurement instruments in the future.
Colorectal cancer is currently treated by surgical procedures, chemotherapy and radiotherapy; however, these latest treatments are highly aggressive, with side effects that affect the patient’s quality of life. The scientific union has been investigating other more favorable alternatives, such as targeted therapy, which seeks greater selectivity in the type of target cells. This type of treatment can significantly reduce side effects in the patient. The goal of this research is to computationally visualize the behavior of nanocarriers in the colon tumor microenvironment, as well as their capacity for deepening, selective coupling and differentiating between healthy and cancerous tissue. A group of histological samples of cancerous tissue was selected, based on morphological criteria and the stage of the disease. This was used to elaborate 2D and 3D models to study different cases using artificial vision and computer simulation techniques. The results indicated velocities of the nanocarriers that reached values between 1.40 and 8.69×10−7ms for a time of 3.88 h, with a vectorized deposition efficiency of 1.0 to 4.46%. In addition, selective mating events were achieved at a maximum depth of 4.68 × 10−4 m. This scientific knowledge can contribute to the estimation of the efficacy of the treatment, as well as the assessment for different dosage levels and frequency of drug administration from the studies carried out on the lesion.
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