The commercial exploitation of pumpkin seeds, at the flour form toasted or to the production of oil, requires knowledge about the activity of water and equilibrium moistures. This study aimed to determine the equilibrium isotherms to the pumpkin seeds and describe the dynamics of the process upon its physicochemical quality. With the static method, the equilibrium isotherms were determined for different temperatures and activities of water (0.110 to 0.885 dry basis), provided conditions by the conditioner chamber of atmosphere, with the weighing of the samples until the constant mass. The hygroscopic balance of the seeds was directly proportional to the activity of water and decreased with increasing temperature, for the same value of water activity. The pumpkin seeds maintained the water volume (0.10) at the storage conditions (relative humidity 25 %). The modified Halsey model better represented the hygroscopicity of pumpkin seeds.
ASPECTOS AGRONÔMICOS DA FORMAÇÃO DA INFLORESCÊNCIA DA COUVE-FLOR SOB DIFERENTES CONDIÇÕES HÍDRICAS ANDRE FELIPE BARION ALVES ANDREAN1; ROBERTO REZENDE2; GUSTAVO SOARES WENNECK 1; ANDERSON TAKASHI HARA1; CLAUDIA SALIM LOZANO MENEZES1 E DANIELE DE SOUZA TERASSI1 1Discente do Programa de Pós-graduação em Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo, 5790, Zona 7, CEP:87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil. E-mail: andre_andrian@hotmail.com; gustavowenneck@gmail.com; haratakashi1987@gmail.com; claudia.lozano93@hotmail.com; daniele_terassi@hotmail.com 2Professor do Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo, 5790, Zona 7, CEP:87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil. E-mail: rrezende@uem.br 1 RESUMO Compreender o comportamento da couve-flor em diferentes condições de disponibilidade hídrica pode ser uma importante ferramenta de auxílio ao produtor, que poderá tomar as melhores decisões quanto a época de plantio e a escolha da cultivar, além disto, mesmo que os materiais vegetais possuam a mesma classificação de época de plantio e sazonalidade, o desempenho e os meios fisiológicos de produção muitas vezes não são os mesmos. Objetivou-se avaliar os aspectos agronômicos da formação da inflorescência de duas cultivares de couve-flor, em ambiente protegido, sob diferentes níveis de irrigação com base na aferição de sua evapotranspiração. O arranjo experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial de 2 x 3, sendo dois híbridos e três regimes hídricos. Houve resposta significativa do fator híbrido Barcelona e as diferentes lâminas de irrigação para a variável massa fresca da inflorescência. O híbrido Viena apresentou melhor desempenho produtivo, não variando sua massa fresca de inflorescência mesmo com as alterações de disponibilidade hídrica. A massa fresca das folhas possui forte correlação com a massa fresca da inflorescência, principalmente, para o híbrido Barcelona. O número de folhas acima de 15 contribui positivamente para o crescimento do diâmetro da inflorescência em couve-flor. Palavras-chave: Brassica oleracea var.botritys, lâminas de irrigação, fonte-dreno. ANDREAN, A. F. B. A.; REZENDE, R.; WENNECK, G. S.; HARA, A. T.; MENEZES, C. S. L.; TERASSI, D. S. AGRONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE FORMATION OF THE INFLORESCENCE OF CAULIFLOWER UNDER DIFFERENT WATER CONDITIONS 2 ABSTRACT Understanding the behavior of cauliflower under different water availability conditions can be an important tool to assist farmers, that will be able to make the best decisions regarding the planting time and the choice of the cultivar, in addition, even if the plant materials have the same classification of planting time and seasonality, performance and physiological means of production are often not the same. The objective was to evaluate the agronomic aspects of the formation of the inflorescence of two cauliflower cultivars, in a greenhouse under different levels of irrigation based on the measurement of their evapotranspiration. The experimental arrangement was in randomized blocks with four replications in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme, two hybrids and three water regimes. There was a significant response from the hybrid factors Barcelona and the different irrigation depths for the variable fresh mass of the inflorescence. The Viena hybrid showed better productive performance, with its fresh inflorescence mass not varying even with changes in water availability. The fresh weight of the leaves has a strong correlation with the fresh weight of the inflorescence, mainly for the Barcelona hybrid. The number of leaves above 15 contributes positively to the growth of the diameter of the cauliflower inflorescence. Keywords: brássica olerácea var. botritys, irrigationplates, souce-sink.
Deficit irrigation is applied to several agricultural crops as a water-saving irrigation strategy. The tomato plant is sensitive to water stress; however, integration with biostimulant applications, based on seaweed extracts, could be a strategy for plants adapting to this abiotic condition. The objective of this study was to evaluate agronomic and quality aspects of tomato cultivated under deficit irrigation combined with Ascophyllum nodosum extract (ANE) application. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with two water replacement levels, 70 and 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), and five doses of ANE (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4%) applied via soil drench. The interaction between ANE and ETc was significant (p < 0.05) in terms of plant growth, physiological parameters, fruit yield, yield components and fruit quality. Results indicated that when the tomato plant is under deficit irrigation, a higher ANE dose is required to achieve better development when compared to the 100% ETc condition, where the dose is lower. Under deficit irrigation, the largest fruit yield was obtained with 0.3 and 0.4% ANE, and with 100% ETc, the largest fruit yield was obtained with 0.2% ANE. ANE applications were also effective in increasing plant height, stem diameter, plant biomass, leaf area, chlorophyll and relative water content. In addition, tomato quality was also favored under deficit irrigation and seaweed extract application. We conclude that ANE applications attenuate water deficit effects in tomato plants and provide a strategy to ameliorate tomato yield, tomato quality and water use in agriculture.
The objective of this work was to determine the accumulation of silicon in the plant components of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) grown with different levels of water replacement and rates of Si. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three water replacement conditions (40, 70, and 100% evapotranspiration), four Si rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha-1), and four replicates. Daily evapotranspiration was determined with constant water table lysimeters, with water replacement by a drip system. As a source of Si, silicon oxide was applied three times in the crop cycle - at the initial, intermediate, and final development stages of the plant. At the end of the cycle, samples of plant tissue (root, stem, leaves, and inflorescence) and soil were collected to determine Si by spectrometry. The Si content in the soil was not influenced by water replacement, only by silicate fertilization. The silicon applied to the soil increased the content of the element in the plant components, especially in the roots. Water replacement influences the accumulation of Si in cauliflower plant tissues, with lower amounts of the element under water deficit conditions.
A qualidade do amendoim em função dos agentes ligados à cadeia de produção e às condições edafoclimáticas de cultivo pode ser preservada ou diminuída nas etapas colheita e pós-colheita. A fim de entender a interação dos fatores do ambiente, práticas de colheita e pós-colheita dos frutos na gestão da qualidade, o estudo teve como objetivo a avaliação da qualidade do amendoim produzido sob diferentes técnicas de pós-colheita em quatro regiões no Estado do Paraná. Para identificar fatores envolvidos direta ou indiretamente no condicionamento da qualidade, frutos de amendoim foram submetidos a duas formas de processamento pós-colheita (Racional e Tradicional) constituindo dois tratamentos para cada ambiente de cultivo em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial com cinco repetições. Dos lotes de amendoim, foram avaliados grãos quanto à qualidade física e sanitária de frutos antes e durante armazenamento em embalagens permeáveis e impermeáveis. O potencial qualitativo dos amendoins foi inferior no processo tradicional. As condições climáticas na colheita favoreceram os fungos Aspergillus flavus e Rhizopus, a contaminação por aflatoxina foi maior no processo tradicional. O uso de técnicas adequadas na pós-colheita (processo racional) favoreceu a preservação da qualidade, com reflexos positivos na gestão da cadeia, mostrando-se eficaz para atenuar a vulnerabilidade climática à qual produtores de amendoim no Paraná estão inseridos. As práticas do processo racional foram mais favoráveis à conservação da qualidade dos amendoins no armazenamento. As embalagens permeáveis e impermeáveis não mantiveram a qualidade dos grãos de amendoim ao longo do armazenamento.
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