The evolution of carbon/boron deposition and the deuterium inventory were determined during the transition from a carbon dominated to a full tungsten ASDEX Upgrade. In the carbon dominated machine about 17 g of carbon were deposited at the inner divertor and in remote areas during one standard discharge campaign. Main carbon sources were the ICRH antennae protection limiters in the main chamber. After coating these limiters with tungsten the carbon deposition decreased to 35 g. The remaining carbon originated mainly from erosion at the outer divertor strike point. Transition to a full tungsten machine resulted in a further decrease of the carbon deposition to about 1 g. 1.31.7 g deuterium was trapped in codeposited carbon/boron layers in the divertor and in remote areas during the carbon dominated campaigns. The deuterium inventory decreased to 0.140.22 g in the full tungsten machine.
The erosion of tungsten and carbon marker layers was studied in the outer divertor of ASDEX Upgrade. The outer strike point area and a large fraction of the outer bae are net erosion areas for both materials. The net erosion rate of carbon is about 1020 times larger than the net erosion rate of tungsten. The erosion is strongly inhomogeneous due to surface roughness, with a large erosion on plasma exposed areas of the rough surfaces, and deposition in recessions and pores.
This paper presents a realistic generator of power quality (PQ) disturbances developed using real time-hardware in the loop (RT-HIL) technologies; the aim is to reduce the gap between the PQ mathematical theory and its practical application by improving the technical skills of students through the use of instruments in a controlled and safe laboratory environment. The implementation of this interactive teaching tool in a graduate level course has significantly enhanced the communication process between the teacher and students and thus, resulted in a highly effective teaching methodology. ß 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:391-402, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae;
Net erosion and deposition of tungsten in the ASDEX Upgrade divertor were determined after the 2007 campaign by using thin tungsten marker stripes. ASDEX Upgrade had full-tungsten plasmafacing components during this campaign. The inner divertor and the roof baffle were net W deposition areas with a maximum deposition of about 1×10 18 W-atoms/cm 2 in the private flux region below the inner strike point. Net erosion of W was observed in the whole outer divertor, with the largest erosion close to the outer strike point. Only a small fraction of the tungsten eroded in the main chamber and in the outer divertor was found in redeposits in the inner divertor, while a large fraction was either redeposited at unidentified places in the main chamber or has formed dust.
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