The behavior of offspring results from the combined expression of maternal and paternal genes. Genomic imprinting silences some genes in a parent-of-origin specific manner, a process that, among all animals, occurs only in mammals. How genomic imprinting affects the behavior of mammalian offspring, however, remains poorly understood. Here, we studied how the loss of the paternally inherited gene Magel2 in mouse pups affects the emission of separation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations (USV). Using quantitative analysis of more than 1000 USVs, we characterized the rate of vocalizations as well as their spectral features from postnatal days 6-12 (P6-P12), a critical phase of mouse development that covers the peak of vocal behavior in pups. Our analyses show that Magel2 deficient offspring emit separation-induced vocalizations at lower rates and with altered spectral features mainly at P8. We also show that dams display altered behavior towards their own Magel2 deficient offspring at this age. In a test to compare the retrieval of two pups, dams retrieve wildtype control pups first and faster than Magel2 deficient offspring. These results suggest that the loss of Magel2 impairs the expression of separation-induced vocalization in pups as well as maternal behavior at a specific age of postnatal development, both of which support the pups' growth and development.
Fast Fourier transform (FFT) is the most common low‐complexity implementation of the discrete Fourier transform, intensively employed to process real‐world signals in smart sensors for the internet of things. Butterflies play a central role as the FFT computing core data path since it calculates complex terms employing several multipliers. A low‐power FFT hardware architecture combining split‐radix decimation‐in‐time butterfly and 5‐2 adder compressors (ACs) is proposed and implemented. The circuits are described in Verilog hardware description language and synthesized using the Cadence Genus synthesis tool. The circuits are mapped onto a 65‐nm CMOS ST standard cell library. Results reveal that the proposed FFT hardware architecture using the split‐radix butterfly is 13.28% more power efficient than the radix‐4 one. The results further show that, by combining 5‐2 AC within the split‐radix butterfly, our proposal saves up to 43.1% of the total power dissipation considering the whole FFT hardware architecture, compared with the state‐of‐the‐art radix‐4 butterfly employing the adder automatically selected by the logic synthesis tool.
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