BACKGROUND The influence of Plasmodium spp. infection in the health of Southern brown howler monkey, Alouatta guariba clamitans, the main reservoir of malaria in the Atlantic Forest, is still unknown.OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the positivity rate of Plasmodium infection in free-living howler monkeys in an Atlantic Forest fragment in Joinville/SC and to associate the infection with clinical, morphometrical, haematological and biochemical alterations.METHODS Molecular diagnosis of Plasmodium infection in the captured monkeys was performed by Nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (18S rRNA and coxI). Haematological and biochemical parameters were compared among infected and uninfected monkeys; clinical and morphometrical parameters were also compared.FINDINGS The positivity rate of Plasmodium infection was 70% among forty captured animals, the highest reported for neotropical primates. None statistical differences were detected in the clinical parameters, and morphometric measures comparing infected and uninfected groups. The main significant alteration was the higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in infected compared to uninfected monkeys.MAIN CONCLUSIONS Therefore, Plasmodium infection in howler monkeys may causes haematological/biochemical alterations which might suggest hepatic impairment. Moreover, infection must be monitored for the eco-epidemiological surveillance of malaria in the Atlantic Forest and during primate conservation program that involves the animal movement, such as translocations.

Background: Physiological values reflect the health condition and responses of individuals to handling in captivity. The aim of this study was to establish hematological and serum biochemistry parameters of clinically healthy animals of the Alouatta guariba clamitans subspecies. Methods:We collected blood samples from adult males and females kept at the Center for Biological Research of Indaial after chemical containment with 3.9 mg/kg of tiletamine hydrochloride and zolazepam.Results: Significant differences between males and females were found in the levels of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, lymphocytes, neutrophils, platelets, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT). Conclusions: Our results suggest the existence of sexual dimorphism in some physiological parameters of A guariba clamitans. The parameters reported herein can be used as reference values for other populations kept under similar conditions. K E Y W O R D S Alouatta guariba clamitans, blood biochemistry, electrophoresis, hematology, neotropical primates, reference values, serum proteinogram How to cite this article: Gonçalves GHP, de Souza Junior JC, Pitz HS, Peruchi AR, Branco FS, Hirano ZMB. Hematological and serum biochemistry data on southern brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) in captivity in Brazil. J Med Primatol. 2019;48:313-319. https ://doi.

Background Leishmania infantum is the most important etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas and Mediterranean region, and the dog is the main host. Miltefosine was authorized to treat canine leishmaniasis (CanL) in Brazil in 2017, but there is a persistent fear of the emergence of parasites resistant not only to this drug but, through cross-resistance mechanisms, also to meglumine antimoniate and amphotericin B. Additionally, the literature shows that acquisition of resistance is followed by increased parasite fitness, with higher rates of proliferation, infectivity and metacyclogenesis, which are drivers of parasite virulence. In this context, the aim of this study was to analyze the impact of treating a dog with miltefosine and allopurinol on the generation of parasites resistant to miltefosine, amphotericin B and meglumine antimoniate. Methods In vitro susceptibility tests were conducted against miltefosine, amphotericin B and meglumine antimoniate with T0 (parasites isolated from a dog before treatment with miltefosine plus allopurinol), T1 (after 1 course of treatment) and T2 (after 2 courses of treatment) isolates. The rates of cell proliferation, infectivity and metacyclogenesis of the isolates were also evaluated. Results The results indicate a gradual increase in parasite resistance to miltefosine and amphotericin B with increasing the number of treatment courses. An increasing trend in the metacyclogenesis rate of the parasites was also observed as drug resistance increased. Conclusion The data indicates an increased L. infantum resistance to miltefosine and amphotericin B after the treatment of a dog with miltefosine plus allopurinol. Further studies with a larger number of L. infantum strains isolated from dogs with varied immune response profiles and undergoing different treatment regimes, are advocated. Graphical Abstract

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the quality of the pretreatment (in natura) and posttreatment water in the city of Jundiaí-SP. It also aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the water treatment of the municipality. Three sampling points were evaluated in the city: the source of the Jundiaí-Mirim River (p1), the accumulation dam located in the City Park (p2), and the posttreatment tap water from the distribution network (p3). The evaluation of the physicochemical parameters (dissolved oxygen-DO, hydrogenation potential-pH, orthophosphate-, nitrite-, nitrate-, ammonia-NH3 , turbidity and temperature) and microbiological (thermotolerant coliform-CT) was performed with the use of Alfakit® Ecokit II. Nonconformities were observed only in relation to the microbiological parameter: p1 presented 2,2 x 103 CFU/mL and p2, 1,8 x 103 CFU/mL; CONAMA Resolution 357/05 establishes up to 2 x 102 CFU/mL for class I. Tap water is in compliance with the reference values established by the Ministry of Health Ordinance 2914/11. The methods used were effective to certify good quality of the water after the rigorous treatment done by the DAE company, however additional studies are suggested for the identification of possible contaminants in the region.

The aim of this study was to analyze the quality of water from different waterspouts, which is frequently consumed by urban population, without control and without supervision. The samples are from country towns of (I) Cabreúva, (II) Cajamar and (III) Jundiaí, respectively, all situated in São Paulo State, in Brazil. For this analysis, we used the Trad-MCN methods, with the Tradescantia pallida (Rose) DR Hunt var. purpurea Boom (Commelinaceae), to identify and quantify the presence of micronucleus and estimate the mutagenesis rate. The microbiological and physical-chemical analysis (turbidity, phosphate, pH, temperature, ammonium, and coliforms) are obtained by reagents for aquarium testing and Ecokit II Alfakit(R). Cabreúva's waterspout presented bigger mutagenic power when compared to others, and it was the only sample containing fecal coliforms. All the experimental samples presented the toxicity. We observed the big expression of the micronucleus when the T. pallida purpurea was incubated within the three samples. The coliforms values observed in the samples were above of those permitted by law. The authorities must better inspect the waters source and request the people not to consume the water from these places.