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The development of somatic cells in to embryogenic cells occurs in several stages and ends in somatic embryo formation, though most of these biochemical and molecular changes have yet to be elucidated. Somatic embryogenesis coupled with genetic transformation could be a biotechnological tool to improve potential crop yields potential in sugarcane cultivars. The objective of this study was to observe somatic embryo development and to identify differentially expressed proteins in embryogenic (E) and non-embryogenic (NE) callus during maturation treatment. E and NE callus were cultured on maturation culture medium supplemented with different concentrations (0.0, 0.75, 1.5 and 2.0 g L-1) of activated charcoal (AC). Somatic embryo formation and differential protein expression were evaluated at days 0 and 21 using shotgun proteomic analyses. Treatment with 1.5 g L-1 AC resulted in higher somatic embryo maturation rates (158 somatic embryos in 14 days) in E callus but has no effect in NE callus. A total of 752 co-expressed proteins were identified through the SUCEST (The Sugarcane EST Project), including many housekeeping proteins. E callus showed 65 exclusive proteins on day 0, including dehydrogenase, desiccation-related protein, callose synthase 1 and nitric oxide synthase. After 21 days on maturation treatment, 14 exclusive proteins were identified in E callus, including catalase and secreted protein. NE callus showed 23 exclusive proteins on day 0 and 10 exclusive proteins after 21 days on maturation treatment, including many proteins related to protein degradation. The induction of maturation leads to somatic embryo development, which likely depends on the expression of specific proteins throughout the process, as seen in E callus under maturation treatment. On the other hand, some exclusive proteins can also specifically prevent of somatic embryos development, as seen in the NE callus.

Proteomic tools can only be implemented in clinical settings if high-throughput, automated, sensitive, and accurate methods are developed. This has driven researchers to the edge of mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics capacity. Here we provide an overview of recent achievements in mass spectrometric technologies and instruments. This includes development of high and ultra definition-MS (HDMS and UDMS) through implementation of ion mobility (IM) MS towards sensitive and accurate label-free proteomics using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Label free UPLC-HDMS is less expensive than labeled-based quantitative proteomics and has no limits regarding the number of samples that can be analyzed and compared, which is an important requirement for supporting clinical applications.

Traveling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry (TWIM-MS) is shown to be able to separate and characterize several isomeric forms of diterpene glycosides stevioside (Stv) and rebaudioside A (RebA) that are cationized by Na(+) and K(+) at different sites. Determination and characterization of these coexisting isomeric species, herein termed catiomers, arising from cationization at different and highly competitive coordinating sites, is particularly challenging for glycosides. To achieve this goal, the advantage of using CO2 as a more massive and polarizable drift gas, over N2, was demonstrated. Post-TWIM-MS/MS experiments were used to confirm the separation. Optimization of the possible geometries and cross-sectional calculations for mobility peak assignments were also performed.

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Travelling-wave ion mobility mass spectrometry was used to measure the intrinsic mobility of a series of gaseous supra-cation and supra-anion aggregates of several ionic liquids. Close mobilities were observed in a T-wave cell filled with helium at ca. 0.8 mbar for [(DAI)(n+1)(X)(n)](+) (DAI is the 1,3-dialkylimidazolium cation and X is the anion) as compared to the respective anions [(DAI)(n)(X)(n+1)](-) for n=0 to 9. The anomalous behavior reported before in the condensed phase seems therefore to be related to the unique structural organization of pure ionic liquids that provides both polar and non-polar regions with directionality in which the anionic species are more retained than the cationic species in the salt network.

ObjectiveTo perform a comparative analysis of saliva protein profile of patients with early childhood caries at different levels of severity and caries‐free individuals.Materials and methodsStimulated saliva samples were collected from 126 children (2–6 years old), classified according to the ICDAS II, and divided into 3 groups (n = 42): caries‐free (CF), enamel caries (EC), and dentine caries (DC). Samples were digested and analyzed by nanoUPLC coupled with a mass spectrometry. Data analyses were conducted with Progenesis QI for Proteomics Software v2.0. Gene Ontology (GO) terms and protein–protein interaction analysis were obtained.ResultsA total of 306 proteins (≈6 peptides) were identified. Among them, 122 were differentially expressed in comparisons among children with different caries status. Out of the 122 proteins, the proteins E2AK4 and SH3L2 were exclusively present in groups CF and EC, respectively, and 8 proteins (HAUS4, CAH1, IL36A, IL36G, AIMP1, KLHL8, KLH13, and SAA1) were considered caries‐related proteins when compared to caries‐free children; they were up‐regulated proteins in the caries groups (EC and DC).ConclusionThe identification of exclusive proteins for caries‐free or carious‐related conditions may help in understanding the mechanisms of caries and predicting risk as well as advancing in caries control or anti‐caries approaches.