Background and Objective: The knowledge about the impact of the nonpharmacological measures to control the COVID-19 pandemic can give insight into ways in which they can also be applied for other respiratory diseases. To assess the impact of containment measures of the COVID-19 pandemic on pneumonia hospitalizations in children from 0 to 14 years of age in Brazil.
The COVID-19 pandemic prompted immense investigation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Rapidly, accurately, and easily interpreting generated data is of fundamental concern. Ontologies – structured, controlled, vocabularies – support interoperability, and prevent the development of data silos which undermine interoperability. The Open Biological and Biomedical Ontology Foundry serves to ensure ontologies remain interoperable through adherence by its members to core ontology design principles. For example, the Infectious Disease Ontology (IDO) Core includes terminological content common to investigations of all infectious diseases. Ontologies covering more specific infectious diseases, in turn, extend from IDO Core, such as the Coronavirus Infectious Disease Ontology (CIDO). The growing list of virus specific IDO extensions has motivated construction of a reference ontology covering content common to viral infectious disease investigations: the Virus Infectious Disease Ontology (VIDO). Additionally, the present pandemic has motivated construction of a more specific extension of CIDO, covering terminological content specific to the pandemic: the COVID-19 Infectious Disease Ontology (IDO-COVID-19). We report here the development of VIDO and IDO-COVID-19. More specifically, we examine newly minted terms for each ontology, showcase reuse of terms from existing OBO ontologies, motivate choice-points for ontological decisions based on research from relevant life sciences, apply ontology terms to explicate viral pathogenesis, and discuss the annotating power of virus ontologies for use in machine learning projects.
Background and Objective: The knowledge about the impact of the nonpharmacological measures to control the COVID-19 pandemic can give insight to ways in which they can also be applied for other respiratory diseases. To assess the impact of containment measures of the COVID-19 pandemic on pneumonia hospitalizations in children from 0 to 14 years of age in Brazil. Methods: Data from hospital admissions for pneumonia were obtained from the Department of Informatics of Brazilian Public Health System database in the period of 2015–2020 and analyzed by macro-regions and age groups. To evaluate the effect of containment measures, used in the pandemic, on the incidence of pneumonia, the absolute reduction and relative reduction were calculated by analyzing the subsets 2015-2019 vs 2020. Results: Comparing the subsets of April-August 2015-2019 vs April-August 2020, there was an expressive reduction in the average incidence of hospitalizations, with numbers ranging from -87% [IRR 0.12 (0.10 to 0.14)] for < 4 years, -79% [IRR 0.21 (0.07 to 0.57)] for 5-9 years, -73% [IRR 0.26 (0.05 to 1.21)] for 10-14 and -86% [IRR 0.14 (0.06 to 0.29)] for <14 years. Conclusion: We found a significant decrease in cases of pneumonia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nonpharmacological public health interventions can contribute to the decline of other respiratory infectious diseases.
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