The challenge was with wells where the casing had lost its barrier/integrity because of casing leakage. There the result was that production wells were closed in. These problems are often caused by cementing failure when the well was drilled and cemented, lost zone, experienced corrosive formation fluid from the formation, treads leakage or other reasons for this integrity failure. There have been tried out serial methods for how this casing leakage can be repaired safely and in a cost-effective manner. Casing damage/leakage with low or non-injectivity have been squeezed and repaired with Thermal activated resin. Thermal activated resin is a nonreactive polymer with qualities that are resistant to all formation corrosives/hazard fluids. Thermal activated resin will reinstall a good well barrier and integrity to protect casing from future corrosion. Thermal activated resin has been used in serial wells in Saudi Arabia in both onshore and offshore fields. In a small volume, with a controlled setting and short operation time, a high success rate has been achieved. The solution to these challenges was developed by designing thermal activated resin casing repair liquid plug with a density equal from 64 pcf to 152 pcf. The setting time can also be adjusted accurately. This new treatment slurry was able to be bullheaded and displaced with polymer mud/brine at 64 pcf to 152 pcf. The slurry was easily able to be pumped through the drill pipe. This novel product possesses low elastic modulus and high flexibility in density, viscosity and fast setting time according to requirements. The well barrier elements made of this product have no risk of shrinking, cracking, gas channeling or deterioration upon exposure to harsh reservoir environments. This paper presents a case history and field application of this novel polymer based casing repair material for successful treatment of full losses or when there is no/low injectivity in formations in most of the critical oil and gas fields in Saudi Arabia. Also, the paper includes a discussion of the methodology, material properties and applications.
Photoacoustic and photothermal techniques are used to investigate the thermophysical properties at room temperature for each of the three main planes of nine species of pine wood. The open-photoacoustic-cell approach is used to measure thermal diffusivity, a, and the photothermal technique of continuous illumination of the sample in vacuum is used to measure the product of density and speci®c heat capacity, qc. Thermal conductivity and effusivity are derived from the measurements for a and qc. We conclude that these techniques are well suited to study thermal properties of wood. Thermisches Verhalten von Holz, bestimmt durch photoakustische und photothermische MethodenPhotoakustische und photothermische Methoden wurden benutzt, um das thermo-physikalische Verhalten von Holz bei Raumtemperatur in den drei Hauptrichtungen zu bestimmen. Neun Kiefernarten wurden dazu verwendet. In der offenen photoakustischen Zelle wurde die thermische Diffusivita Èt, a, gemessen. Die photothermische Technik der kontinuierlichen Beleuchtung der Probe im Vakuum wurde benutzt, um das Produkt aus Dichte und spezi®-scher Wa Èrmekapazita Èt, qc, zu ermitteln. Aus den beiden Meûgro Èûen wird die thermische Leitfa Èhigkeit und Effusivita Èt abgeleitet. Es zeigte sich, daû diese Methoden gut geeignet sind, die thermischen Eigenschaften von Holz zu bestimmen.
Pressure build up between cemented casings — in drilling and production wells — has been a major challenge all around the world. The cause, in most cases, is a poor cement job that allows fluids to migrate through micro channels from the formation all the way to the surface. This problem has been solved by pumping or squeezing a polymeric based resin — with major bonding properties — that can be accurately designed for a specific setting or curing time, based on the application temperature. This resin is pumped through annular injection ports in the well head. Due to the resin's particle free characteristic, there is no restriction or plugging risk while pumping. Once the resin is pumped down the annuli into the micro channels, it will set or cure and isolate the pressure build up from the source, providing a safe working environment at the surface. Thermal activated resin is a new technology that has overcome a lot of traditional cementing problems. The resin acts as a fluid and can be designed on a wide range of weights and viscosities, and it can also be adjusted to react at a specific formation or ambient temperature. This paper presents case histories on field applications and lab tests to support the efficiency and liability of solving Casing- Casing Annulus pressure build-up scenarios in the Middle East.
One of the major challenges when drilling gas wells in offshore fields is to drill under high pressure and in a loss circulation zone in intermediate hole sections. Heavy mud is used to control the pore pressure in a narrow operational window that creates losses and, as a consequence, well control issues. Several solutions/ideas have been implemented while drilling this intermediate section, including a thermal-activated resin, rigid rapid fluid treatment, used to regain full circulation and successfully increase the window gradient. The solution to these challenges was developed by designing a fast setting, thermal-activated resin LCM liquid plug with a density equal to 152 pcf. This new treatment slurry was able to be bullheaded and displaced with a polymer mud 152 pcf. The slurry was easily pumped through drill pipe, measurement while drilling (MWD) and drill bits. This paper presents case histories and field applications of this novel polymer-based lost circulation material, for successful treatment of heavy mud losses to formation in wells in offshore gas fields in the Middle East. The paper also includes a discussion of the methodology, material properties and applications.
One of the major challenges when drilling gas wells in offshore fields is to drill under high pressure and in a loss circulation zone in intermediate hole sections. Heavy mud is used to control the pore pressure in a narrow operational window that create losses and as a consequence, well control issues. Several solutions/ideas have been implemented while drilling this intermediate section, including a thermal-activated resin, rigid rapid fluid treatment, used to regain full circulation and successfully increase the window gradient. The solution to these challenges was developed by designing a fast setting, thermal-activated resin LCM liquid plug with a density equal to 152 pcf. This new treatment slurry was able to be bullheaded and displaced with a polymer mud 152 pcf. The slurry was easily pumped through drill pipe, MWD and drill bits. This paper presents case histories and field applications of this novel polymer-based lost circulation material, for successful treatment of heavy mud losses to formation in wells in offshore gas fields in the Middle East. The paper also includes a discussion of the methodology, material properties and applications. INTRODUCTION There have been many papers over the years referring to why loss of circulation occurs, the different materials available and how to solve it during drilling and while cementing. Basically, loss of circulation treatments can be divided into two categories:1) those where the loss circulation is solved by the addition of solid materials to the drilling mud; and2) those where the problem can only be solved by the use of a non-mud system. Normally when loss of circulation occurs, the first attempt to cure the problem is always by a reduction in mud weight and/or the addition of granular, fibrous, or lamellated material to the mud, but in many cases without success. If no success is obtained by using the solids-laden mud, then it becomes necessary to use the most efficient non-mud system available. Loss of circulation is one of the most time-consuming and costly problem faced by oil and gas well drilling industry. The loss of drilling mud results in increased drilling time, loss of expensive mud, plugging of productive formations, and / or loss of well control. This paper presents a non-mud system solution prepared for challenging field cases in the Middle East where severe drilling fluid loss were encountered. In the cases, thermal activated resin was used to cure drilling fluid loss. LOSS OF CIRCULATION Loss of circulation is the partial or complete loss of drilling fluid or cement during drilling, circulation, running casing, or cementing operations. After the loss of circulation occurs, the level of the drilling fluid in the annulus may drop and then stabilizes at a particular level depending upon the formation pressure. Loss of circulation problems may be encountered at any depth when the total pressure used against the formation exceeds the formation pressure. Commonly, four types of formation are responsible for loss of circulation (Figure 1):a-) natural or induced fractured formations;b-) vugular or cavernous formations;c-) highly permeable formations, andd-) unconsolidated formations. Loss of drilling fluid can result in increased cost, loss of time, plugging of potentially productive zones, blowouts, excessive inflow of water, and excessive caving of the formation. Therefore, application of an immediate solution to loss of circulation is an essential part of drilling engineering. LOST CIRCULATION MATERIAL Fluid loss is encountered in almost all drilling operations. Depending on the severity of lost circulation and the size and type of the thief zone, different lost circulation materials (LCM) are used for curing. LCM is an additive to drilling fluids, cement slurry or frac fluid penetrating a formation. LCM are either insoluble or water soluble and are typically granular (most common), flaky or fibrous. LCM pills are pumped down a well and spotted to build up an impermeable layer on the formation face causing the loss of circulation problem. Sometimes two or three pills are used to stop losses. In most cases, viscous mud pills with loss circulation material allow to temporarily reducing the losses but do not guarantee a durable plugging of the formation. Also, cement plugs can be used but their placement and the time necessary to drill through them make their use relatively costly.
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