Administration of testosterone (T), 17 beta-estradiol (E2), or 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to female zebra finch chicks (Poephila guttata) at hatching exerts effects on brain sexual differentiation. Within a telencephalic station (the nucleus robustus archistriatalis, RA) of the neural pathway which participates in the efferent control of song, masculinization of several indices of neuronal size is induced by exposure to T or E2. Within RA, a sensitive assay of a single neuron's sexually differentiated state is the diameter of its soma. By this criteria, all of the neurons within RA can be masculinized with a sufficient dose of T. As the dose of T is progressively decreased, the proportion of RA neurons which undergo the transition from female to male falls, while the magnitude of the change in soma size remains basically unaltered. Administration of T or DHT masculinizes the number of neurons in RA.
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were tested for effects on sprouting by motor neurons innervating the adult mouse gluteus muscle. Factors were delivered by subcutaneous injection directly over the surface of the superior gluteus muscle once daily for 7 d and then end plates and axons were visualized by combined silver and cholinesterase staining. CNTF (500 ng daily) induced sprouting both from end plates and from the subset of nodes of Ranvier that are closest to the end plate. The effect of CNTF was potentiated twofold by coadministration of bFGF at doses of 2-20 ng daily, whereas treatment with bFGF alone failed to induce sprouting from either end plates or nodes of Ranvier. The sprouting stimulus delivered by the factors showed limited penetrance into the muscle and restricted lateral spread from the injection site.Two types of trauma induce motor neuron sprouting in muscle, partial denervation and paralysis. These induce sprouting both from end plates and from nodes of Ranvier. At least two physiological signals have been proposed to control sprouting (Brown et al., 1981). One is produced by muscle as a consequence of paralysis, and the other is produced within intramuscular nerves due to the presence of degenerating axons.The evidence that muscle is the source of the paralysis-induced signal for sprouting includes the following. First, paralysis of muscle by blockade of axonal conduction with TTX (Brown and Ironton, 1977) blockade ofACh release by botulinum toxin (Duchen, 1970) and blockade of ACh action by a-bungarotoxin (Holland and Brown, 1980) all induce sprouting from motor axon terminals. Since all of these manipulations have only one effect in common, induction of muscle paralysis, paralyzed muscle is likely to be the source of the signal for terminal sprouting. Second, the induction of sprouting by botulinum toxin can be blocked by restoring contractile activity in the paralyzed muscle through direct electrical stimulation (Brown et al., 1980a). Partial denervation also induces sprouting from undamaged motor axon terminals, and this too can be blocked by electrical stimulation (Ironton et al., 1978).The strongest stimulus for nodal sprouting, in contrast, is the presence of degenerating axons (Brown et al., 1980a). Partial denervation induces nodal sprouting from undamaged axons
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