Water-jet assisted nanosecond laser process was used to avoid the process defects of traditional nanosecond laser on wood. Korean pine was used as the experimental material. A factorial design of experiment was performed. The influence of cutting speed and laser power on the kerf width was compared with and without the water-jet assisted system. The surface morphology of processed wood kerf was observed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that kerf width increased with increased laser power and decreased with increased cutting speed. When the cutting speed was 50 mm/s and the laser power was 6 W, the minimum value of the kerf width was 0.26 mm with the water-jet assisted system involved, and the surface quality was excellent. The experimental results were processed by analysis of variance and multi-linear regression analysis. Moreover, prediction model of process parameters and kerf width was established, and the prediction model had better prediction accuracy, providing certain theoretical basis for predicting kerf width of wood processed by water-jet assisted nanosecond laser.
As the complex terrain in hilly areas is not conducive to corn mid-tillage precision fertilization, a corn-overlapped strip fertilizer spreader was designed without an external power source. By configuring a passive overlapping spreading method with a three-branch split chamber structure, the uniform spreading of fertilizer in strips was achieved. A horizontal and vertical movement model of fertilizer spreading was developed to determine the angle of the fertilizer extending tube, the width of fattening small plates, and the height of the fertilizer spread as the main factors affecting the fertilizer distribution pattern. The single-factor ternary orthogonal rotational combination response surface simulation test was carried out with pendulum angle, width, and height as test factors and the transversal fertilizer uniformity coefficient and longitudinal fertilizer uniformity coefficient as test indicators. The test results showed that the pendulum angle, height, and width had significant effects (p < 0.05) on the transversal fertilizer uniformity coefficient, and the pendulum angle and width had a considerable impact (p < 0.05) on the longitudinal fertilizer uniformity coefficient. In the optimal combination of parameters, swing angle 52°, height 400 mm, and width 50 mm operation, the coefficients of uniformity of both the transversal fertilizer uniformity coefficient and longitudinal fertilizer uniformity coefficient were less than 0.15%. A verification test was carried out under the optimal combination of parameters for the simulation tests with the simulation conditions as the standard. The test results were consistent with the simulation results within the error range. The deviation values of the transversal fertilizer uniformity coefficient and longitudinal fertilizer uniformity coefficient were 8.11% and 9.01%, respectively. The corn-overlapped strip fertilizer spreader was able to complete the fertilizer spreading operation smoothly. This study provides evidence for further optimizing the performance of the corn mid-tillage fertilizer applicator.
To improve the uniformity of the flow when fertilizer apparatus discharges fertilizer, a kind of fertilizer apparatus owned arc gears was designed. Also, the design and working principle of its general structure and key components were analyzed theoretically. Aiming at exploring the influence of arc structural parameters to the performance of arc gears discharging fertilizer, DEM simulation was used in this study. Fertilizer apparatus owned arc gears was taken as the research object to analyze the influence of two key components including the arc radius of gears' concave-grooves and the minimal length between two mutual meshing gears. The variation coefficient of fertilizer discharging amount stability and the linear determined coefficient of fertilizer discharging amount in unit time as evaluation index were selected. Two factors and five levels quadratic rotation orthogonal experiment was applied, and Design-Expert 8.0 software was used to achieve data processing and analysis. The results of experiment indicated that the arc radius of gears' concave-grooves had significant effect on the linear determined coefficient of fertilizer discharging amount in unit time, and the minimal length between two mutual meshing gears had significant effect on the variation coefficient of fertilizer discharging amount stability. The optimum structural parameters were 8.54 mm as the arc radius of gears' concave-grooves and 5.22 mm as the minimal length between two mutual meshing gears. Upon this circumstance, the variation coefficient was 0.28 and determination coefficient was 0.9972. The optimum apparatus was selected to conduct the bench test and field simulation test. The results indicated that the variation coefficient is 0.27, and the linear determined coefficient of is 0.9980. The results of simulation experiment were anastomotic basically with the real result, which showed that DEM simulation technology was usable to the experiment of testing fertilizer discharging. The results of this research can provide a reference to the improving of performance in discharging fertilizer.
To satisfy the demands of soybean precision sowing, this article starts with statistics of the physical parameters of soybean seeds in Heilongjiang province, China. The filling process of soybean seeds was analyzed, and the ratio relationship between the diameter, depth, chamfer length of seed-metering wheel's holes and the mean diameter of soybean seeds was determined. EDEM was used to simulate seeding circumstances of hole seed-metering wheel with different holes' sizes. The hole diameter ratio, hole depth ratio, and chamfer length ratio were the test factors, while the percentage of single multiple and the empty seeds were test indexes. The triple quadratic regression orthogonal rotation combination test was designed, and the mathematical model between test indexes and test factors was established. Results showed that the influence of hole diameter ratio and hole depth ratio was significant (p < 0.01) in the case of single, multiple and empty seed percentage while chamfer length ratio was only significant in single seed percentage compared to multiple and empty seeds percentage (p > 0.05). The chamfer length ratio was 0.15, the hole diameter ratio was 1.63-1.73, the hole depth ratio was 0.81-1.20, the quality of seeding index was more than 90, and multiple and missing indexes were less than 6% and 4%, respectively. The soybean hole wheel seeding device was produced under the optimal parameter combination, to perform a comparative verification test with non-optimized parameters. The test showed anastomotic simulation results, verified the validity of the simulation. The seeding device after optimization expressed the best operating performance, which might satisfy the demands of soybean precision sowing. The study results can provide a theoretical reference for the optimization design of soybean seeding devices.
Precision fertilizer application technology is necessary to improve fertilizer utilization efficiency in agricultural production. To achieve precision fertilizer application and solve problems in production practice that contain the structure problem of the traditional mechanical fertilization systems, and the fertilizer discharger is blocked and can not achieve uniform fertilization because the fertilizer contains caking fertilizer in response to the characteristics of conventional fertilizers containing caking fertilizers, innovative design and system experimental simulation studies were carried out. A gap squeeze gear-type fertilizer dis-charger was designed, and fertilizer caking crushing was achieved by configuring the gear gap squeezing method. Combined with engineering practice, two mixed fertilizers (granular fertilizer with caking fertilizer) were constructed and blended by using BPM (Hertz Mindlin with bonding) discrete element, the fertilizer discharger was used as the object of study to simulate and experimentally investigate the process of crushing and discharging of mixed fertilizer and the process of uniform discharging of mixed fertilizer. The simulation test model of the separation device with vibration screen of the caking fertilizer and granular fertilizer after fertilizing was established to study the crushing rate of the caking fertilizer, and the simulation model with collection plate of the uniformity of the mixed fertilizer discharge was based on to explore the uniformity of the mixed fertilizer. The L9 (34) orthogonal test was carried out under the conditions with the number of teeth, pressure angle, and fertilization gap as test factors and the fertilizer crushing rate and fertilizer uniformity coefficient as test indicators. The test results showed that the number of teeth and pressure angle had significant effects (0.01 < P < 0.05) on the crushing fertilizer rate and fertilizer uniformity, and the fertilization gap had no significant impact (P༞0.05) on the crushing fertilizer rate and fertilizer uniformity. In the optimal combination of parameters, the number of teeth 6, pres-sure angle 15 °, fertilization gap 6mm operation, the coefficient of uniformity of crushing fertilizer rate and fertilizer uniformity were 74.89% and 17.21%, respectively. The bench test results compared with the outer groove wheeled fertilizer drainer showed that the optimized gap squeeze gear type fertilizer discharger has higher fertilizer crushing quality at different speeds, and the fertilizer crushing rate and uniformity were79.69% and 18.56%, respectively, within the error range. The simulation results are in general agreement. This study provides evidence for fertilizer discharger structure design and enhances the effect of fertilizer discharger crushing.
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