In eukaryotic cells, newly synthesized secretory proteins require COPII (coat protein complex II) to exit the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). COPII contains five core components: SAR1, SEC23, SEC24, SEC13, and SEC31. SEC23 is a GTPase-activating protein that activates the SAR1 GTPase and also plays a role in cargo recognition. Missense mutations in the human COPII paralogues SEC23A and SEC23B result in craniolenticulosutural dysplasia and congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II, respectively. We now report that mice completely deficient for SEC23B are born with no apparent anemia phenotype, but die shortly after birth, with degeneration of professional secretory tissues. In SEC23B-deficient embryonic pancreas, defects occur in exocrine and endocrine tissues shortly after differentiation. Pancreatic acini are completely devoid of zymogen granules, and the ER is severely distended. Similar ultrastructural alterations are also observed in salivary glands, but not in liver. Accumulation of proteins in the ER lumen activates the proapoptotic pathway of the unfolded protein response, suggesting a central role for apoptosis in the degeneration of these tissues in SEC23B-deficient embryos. Although maintenance of the secretory pathway should be required by all cells, our findings reveal a surprising tissue-specific dependence on SEC23B for the ER exit of highly abundant cargo, with high levels of SEC23B expression observed in professional secretory tissues. The disparate phenotypes in mouse and human could result from residual SEC23B function associated with the hypomorphic mutations observed in humans, or alternatively, might be explained by a species-specific shift in function between the closely related SEC23 paralogues. mammalian embryo abnormalities | vesicular transport protein | genetics | secretory granules | pancreatitis I n eukaryotic cells, secreted proteins and proteins that are targeted to the plasma membrane and internal organelles are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and sorted through the secretory pathway. This process has been extensively studied, particularly in budding yeast (1). Proteins destined to traffic from the ER to the Golgi are packaged into COPII (coat protein complex II)-coated vesicles (2-4). COPII is composed of at least five proteins, a small GTPase SAR1 and two cytosolic protein complexes, SEC23-SEC24 and SEC13-SEC31 (5). The GTP-bound form of SAR1 binds to the ER membrane and recruits the SEC23-SEC24 heterodimer to form the "prebudding complex," which in turn recruits the outer coat composed of SEC13-SEC31 heterotetramers to complete the COPII coat structure (6).The COPII complex captures cargo into vesicles and mediates vesicle budding from the ER. Cargo recognition appears to be mediated primarily by the SEC24 subunit, which recognizes divergent export signals located in the cytosolic domain of cargo proteins (7,8). SEC23 and SAR1 also play a role in the recognition of at least a subset of cargos (9, 10). SEC23 is a GTPaseactivating protein (GAP) that activates the SAR1...

Approximately one-third of the mammalian proteome is transported from the endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi via COPII-coated vesicles. SEC23, a core component of coat protein-complex II (COPII), is encoded by two paralogous genes in vertebrates ( and ). In humans, SEC23B deficiency results in congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type-II (CDAII), while SEC23A deficiency results in a skeletal phenotype (with normal red blood cells). These distinct clinical disorders, together with previous biochemical studies, suggest unique functions for SEC23A and SEC23B. Here we show indistinguishable intracellular protein interactomes for human SEC23A and SEC23B, complementation of yeast Sec23 by both human and murine SEC23A/B, and rescue of the lethality of deficiency in zebrafish by a -expressing transgene. We next demonstrate that a coding sequence inserted into the murine locus completely rescues the lethal SEC23B-deficient pancreatic phenotype. We show that SEC23B is the predominantly expressed paralog in human bone marrow, but not in the mouse, with the reciprocal pattern observed in the pancreas. Taken together, these data demonstrate an equivalent function for SEC23A/B, with evolutionary shifts in the transcription program likely accounting for the distinct phenotypes of SEC23A/B deficiency within and across species, a paradigm potentially applicable to other sets of paralogous genes. These findings also suggest that enhanced erythroid expression of the normal gene could offer an effective therapeutic approach for CDAII patients.

Ultralarge von Willebrand factor (UL-VWF) multimers are thought to play a central role in pathogenesis of the disease thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP); however, experimental evidence in support of this hypothesis has been difficult to establish. Therefore, to examine directly the requirement for VWF in TTP pathogenesis, we generated ADAMTS13-deficient mice on a TTPsusceptible genetic background that were also either haploinsufficient (Vw f ؉/؊ ) or completely deficient (Vw f ؊/؊ ) in VWF.Absence of VWF resulted in complete protection from shigatoxin (Stx)-induced thrombocytopenia, demonstrating an absolute requirement for VWF in this model (Stx has been shown previously to trigger TTP in ADAMTS13-deficient mice). We next investigated the requirements for ADAMTS13 and VWF in a murine model of endotoxemia. Unlike Stx-induced TTP findings, LPS-induced thrombocytopenia and mortality were not affected by either VWF or ADAMTS13 deficiency, suggesting divergent mechanisms of thrombocytopenia between these 2 disorders. Finally, we show that VWF deficiency abrogates the ADAMTS13-deficient prothrombotic state, suggesting VWF as the only relevant ADAMTS13 substrate under these conditions. Together, these findings shed new light on the potential roles played by ADAMTS13 and VWF in TTP, endotoxemia, and normal hemostasis. IntroductionAdhesion molecules and their receptors on platelets, alongside of coagulation factors, are important players in thrombus formation on an injured vessel wall. 1 The plasma glycoprotein von Willebrand factor (VWF) is an adhesion molecule that provides the initial link between circulating platelets and sites of vascular injury by binding to components of the extracellular matrix, and to the platelet surface glycoprotein GPIb alpha. VWF also contributes to thrombus formation indirectly by binding and stabilizing coagulation factor VIII. 2 The essential role of VWF in hemostasis is illustrated clinically in patients with the bleeding disorder von Willebrand disease; and in mouse models, the role of VWF in occlusive thrombus formation is evident at both arterial and venous shear rates. 3,4 VWF is synthesized by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes where it is processed from an initial pro-VWF monomer into larger multimeric forms. 5,6 VWF not released constitutively is stored in specialized organelles both in endothelial cells (Weibel-Palade bodies), and platelets (alpha granules). 7 Upon cellular activation, stored VWF is released in a form termed ultralarge VWF (UL-VWF), which is thought to represent the most adhesive and thrombogenic form of this molecule. 8,9 Soon after release, UL-VWF is processed into smaller and less thrombogenic multimers by the metalloprotease ADAMTS13, and therefore UL-VWF is not typically detected in normal human plasma. 10,11 In 1982, Moake et al demonstrated the presence of UL-VWF in the plasma of patients suffering from chronic relapsing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), 12 a disorder of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) characterized clinically by micro...

COPII (coat protein complex-II) vesicles transport proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi. Higher eukaryotes have two or more paralogs of most COPII components. Here we characterize mice deficient for SEC23A and studied interactions of Sec23a null allele with the previously reported Sec23b null allele. SEC23A deficiency leads to mid-embryonic lethality associated with defective development of extraembryonic membranes and neural tube opening in midbrain. Secretion defects of multiple collagen types are observed in different connective tissues, suggesting that collagens are primarily transported in SEC23A-containing vesicles in these cells. Other extracellular matrix proteins, such as fibronectin, are not affected by SEC23A deficiency. Intracellular accumulation of unsecreted proteins leads to strong induction of the unfolded protein response in collagen-producing cells. No collagen secretion defects are observed in SEC23B deficient embryos. We report that E-cadherin is a cargo that accumulates in acini of SEC23B deficient pancreas and salivary glands. Compensatory increase of one paralog is observed in the absence of the second paralog. Haploinsufficiency of the remaining Sec23 paralog on top of homozygous inactivation of the first paralog leads to earlier lethality of embryos. Our results suggest that mammalian SEC23A and SEC23B transport overlapping yet distinct spectra of cargo in vivo.

The life threatening disease TTP is associated with ultra-large von Willebrand Factor multimers (UL-VWF) in the circulation due to inherited or acquired deficiency of the ADAMTS13 metalloprotease. Here we show that ADAMTS13-deficient mice generated by gene targeting are viable and exhibit normal survival through 2 years of age. Despite the absence of VWF-cleaving protease activity (<1% of normal), wild-type and ADAMTS13-deficient plasma exhibit identical VWF multimer distributions, and Adamts13−/− mice develop spontaneous TTP at an extremely low rate (2 cases out of 358 mice). However, intravital microscopy demonstrated that VWF-mediated platelet-endothelial interactions are significantly prolonged in Adamts13−/− mice. These observations suggested that additional environmental triggers and/or genetic modifying factors may be required to bring about TTP in the setting of ADAMTS13 deficiency. To address the effect of VWF level on development of TTP, Adamts13−/− mice were crossed to mice of the CASA/Rk strain which exhibit markedly elevated plasma VWF levels. Resulting CASA/Adamts13−/− mice demonstrated plasma VWF ranging from 150% to 600% of C57BL/6 controls, and we found that 21% of these mice were thrombocytopenic at baseline (vs. 0% of controls). Introduction of the CASA/Rk genetic background also resulted in the appearance of UL-VWF in CASA/Adamts13−/− mice, further prolonged VWF-mediated platelet-endothelial cell interactions, increased the rate of spontaneous TTP, and markedly decreased survival. Challenge of CASA/Adamts13−/− mice with shigatoxin (derived from bacterial pathogens associated with the related human disease hemolytic uremic syndrome) resulted in a striking syndrome closely resembling human TTP, with thrombocytopenia, profound microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and platelet- and VWF-thrombi seen in multiple organs. Surprisingly, we observed no correlation between plasma VWF level and severity of TTP, implying the existence of TTP-modifying genes distinct from VWF. Our laboratory is pursuing the identification of these genes which may provide insight into the pathogenesis and treatment of TTP in humans. Finally, our data also suggest that microbial-derived toxins, or possibly other sources of endothelial injury, may be among the key factors required to trigger acute TTP in the setting of ADAMTS13 deficiency.

In humans, loss of function mutations in SEC23B result in Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemia type II (CDAII), a disease limited to defective erythroid development. Patients with two nonsense SEC23B mutations have not been reported, suggesting that complete SEC23B deficiency might be lethal. We previously reported that SEC23B-deficient mice die perinatally, exhibiting massive pancreatic degeneration and that mice with hematopoietic SEC23B deficiency do not exhibit CDAII. We now show that SEC23B deficiency restricted to the pancreas is sufficient to explain the lethality observed in mice with global SEC23B-deficiency. Immunohistochemical stains demonstrate an acinar cell defect but normal islet cells. Mammalian genomes contain two Sec23 paralogs, Sec23A and Sec23B. The encoded proteins share ~85% amino acid sequence identity. We generate mice with pancreatic SEC23A deficiency and demonstrate that these mice survive normally, exhibiting normal pancreatic weights and histology. Taken together, these data demonstrate that SEC23B but not SEC23A is essential for murine pancreatic development. We also demonstrate that two BAC transgenes spanning Sec23b rescue the lethality of mice homozygous for a Sec23b gene trap allele, excluding a passenger gene mutation as the cause of the pancreatic lethality, and indicating that the regulatory elements critical for Sec23b pancreatic function reside within the BAC transgenes.

Regiodivergent syntheses of indolo[3,2‐c]coumarins and benzofuro[3,2‐c]quinolinones through a controllable palladium(II)‐catalyzed carbonylative cyclization are established. The chemo‐ and regioselectivity are exclusively tuned by the ligand on the palladium catalyst. The rigid framework of the electron‐deficient ligand promotes the O‐attack/N‐carbonylation cyclization leading to benzofuro[3,2‐c]quinolinones, while a sterically bulky and electron‐rich ligand facilitates N‐attack/O‐carbonylation cyclization to generate indolo[3,2‐c]coumarins. Furthermore, various other nucleophiles are applicable for delivering a variety of indoloquinolinones, pyranoquinolones, and chromeno[3,4‐c]quinolinones in one step, and serves as a method for creating compound libraries for drug discovery.

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