An optimal sizing model of the battery energy storage system (BESS) for large-scale wind farm adapting to the scheduling plan is proposed in this paper. Based on the analysis of the variability and uncertainty of wind output, the cost of auxiliary services of systems that are eased by BESS is quantized and the constraints of BESS accounting for the effect of wind power on system dispatching are proposed. Aiming to maximum the benefits of wind-storage union system, an optimal capacity model considering BESS investment costs, wind curtailment saving, and auxiliary services compensation is established. What’s more, the effect of irregular charge/discharge process on the life cycle of BESS is considered into the optimal model by introducing an equivalent loss of the cycle life. Finally, based on the typical data of a systems, results show that auxiliary services compensation can encourage wind farm configuration BESS effectively. Various sensitivity analyses are performed to assess the effect of the auxiliary services compensation, on-grid price of wind power, investment cost of BESS, cycle life of BESS, and wind uncertainty reserve level of BESS on this optimal capacity.
It is unclear that the changes and migration of coalderived minerals on the graphitization process of coal. The Taixi anthracite is the study sample of the changes and migration mechanisms of coal-derived minerals during graphitization. Raw coal and different temperature-treated products were collected and analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to reflect the variation trends of the crystal structure and functional groups with temperature. To analyze the microstructure and mineral composition of the samples in experimental and industrial ultrahigh-temperature graphitization furnaces, a series of experiments were performed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy−energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM−EDS). The results showed that temperature played a crucial role in the changes and migration of minerals during the graphitization of anthracite. As the temperature rose, cracks appeared from the surface to the inside of anthracite and minerals gradually changed and migrated from the inside of the anthracite to the cracks in the form of gas or liquid. At ultrahigh temperatures, only a small amount of silicon remains in the system as a catalyst, and most of the elements escaped in the form of oxides.
This article is based on the application of industrial CT testing in additive manufacturing parts. Based on the existing industrial X-ray CT inspection equipment, it aims to solve the problem of identifying small defects under the uncertainty of test results. Under the premise of removing artifacts, this paper studies the measurement methods of small defects, and analyzes the uncertainty of the test results by designing a comparison test block. This paper combines theoretical analysis and experimental research, and compares the test results with the half-width method to study the accuracy of the test method. In order to improve the accuracy of industrial CT quantitative non-destructive detection of small defects, this paper closely studies the engineering application and combines the practical application of industrial CT to solve the basic problems of key research work.
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