Background and Aims Hepatitis B vaccine has been included in the infant immunization schedule since 1991 in the United States. We aimed to assess its effectiveness against HBV infection and its impact on mortality. Approach and Results The study population was participants aged 6+ years with an HBV vaccination history and an HBV serologic test from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2018. Participants aged 18+ years with linked mortality records from 1999–2014 were followed for mortality analysis. Multivariable logistic regression was used to compute vaccine effectiveness (VE) overall, by year of birth, and by age. Cox regression was used to estimate HRs for all‐cause, cancer‐related, and cardiovascular disease–related mortality. A total of 64,107 participants were included in the main analysis, with 29,600 (40.7%) having completed HBV vaccination (three or more doses, vaccinated). The highest vaccination uptake was found among those born after 1991, at 86.5%. Vaccinated participants had higher prevalence of vaccine‐induced immunity than the unvaccinated (47.2% vs. 7.4%). Among those born after 1991, VE was found at 58% (95% CI, 18%–79%) overall and 85% for those aged ≥20 years (mean age, 22), whereas no effect was found among those born prior to 1990. HBV vaccination was associated with reduced risk of all‐cause mortality (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.68–0.90) and cancer‐related mortality (HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58–1.00) but not for cardiovascular disease–related mortality. Conclusions In the universal infant vaccination era, the HBV vaccine has shown substantial effectiveness against HBV infection and maintained strong protection for 20 years. It was also associated with reduced risk of all‐cause and cancer‐related mortality.
Strain R33(T), an endophyte recovered from Herbertus sendtneri, was identified as representing a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The novel strain was observed to be a Gram-stain positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, motile and endospore-forming bacterium. The major polar lipids of strain R33(T) were identified as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, along with lesser amounts of phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified aminophospholipids, two unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified lipids. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was identified as MK-7. The major fatty acids (>8.0 %) were found to be anteiso-C15:0 (40.0 %), C16:1 ω11c (9.4 %), C16:1 ω7c alcohol (8.5 %) and C16:0 (8.2 %). The diamino acid found in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The G+C content of genomic DNA was determined to be 56.9 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of strain R33(T) to other Paenibacillus species ranged from 91.6 to 97.2 %, with high similarities to Paenibacillus humicus PC-147(T) and Paenibacillus pasadenensis SAFN-007(T). The phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and the partial rpoB gene confirmed that strain R33(T) belongs to the genus Paenibacillus. However, strain R33(T) shows differential molecular characteristics compared to other related Paenibacillus species based on 16S rDNA-RFLP analyses; the DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain R33(T) and P. humicus PC-147(T), and that between strain R33(T) and P. pasadenensis SAFN-007(T), were 35.0 ± 2.0 and 41.4 ± 0.9 %, respectively. Based on its phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties, strain R33(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus herberti is proposed (type strain R33(T) = CGMCC 1.15042(T) = DSM 29849(T)).
A Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain XB T , was isolated from Physcomitrella patens growing in Beijing, China. The isolate was identified as a member of the genus Paenibacillus based on phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic inferences. The novel strain was spore-forming, motile, catalase-negative and weakly oxidasepositive. Optimal growth of strain XB T occurred at 288C and pH 7.0-7.5. The major polar lipids contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and several unidentified components, including one phospholipid, two aminophospholipids, three glycolipids, one aminolipid and one lipid. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The diamino acid found in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The major fatty acid components (.5 %) were anteiso-C 15 : 0 (51.2 %), anteiso-C 17 : 0 (20.6 %), iso-C 16 : 0 (8.3 %) and C 16 : 0 (6.7 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 53.3 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence, showed that strain XB T fell within the evolutionary distances encompassed by the genus Paenibacillus; its closest phylogenetic neighbour was Paenibacillus yonginensis DCY84 T (96.6 %). Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties, strain XB T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus physcomitrellae sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is XB T (5CGMCC 1.15044 T 5DSM T).
Cnuibacter physcomitrellae gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Microbacteriaceae isolated from the moss of Physcomitrella patens A Gram-stain-positive, strictly aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain XA T , was isolated from the moss, Physcomitrella patens, and characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The novel strain was non-spore-forming, non-motile, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. Its optimal temperature for growth occurred at 28-30 8C and the optimum pH for growth was 7.0-7.5.The major fatty acids comprised anteiso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 16 : 0 , v-cyclohexyl-C 17 : 0 and anteiso-C 17 : 0 .The polar lipids contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, seven unidentified glycolipids, one unidentified phospholipid and one unidentified lipid. The major menaquinone was MK-11, followed by MK-10 and MK-12.The peptidoglycan type was B2c and contained the amino acids 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, alanine, glycine, 3-hydroxy-glutamic acid and small amounts of glutamic acid. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain XA T was 68.2 mol%. Strain XA T exhibited highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Leifsonia lichenia 2Sb T (96.3 %) and Humibacter antri D7-27 T (96.2 %).However, phylogenetic analyses showed that strain XA T did not cluster with any species of the genera Leifsonia, Humibacter or other genera of the family Microbacteriaceae and the phylum Actinobacteria. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, and the phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data, strain XA T is considered to represent a novel species of a novel genus, for which the name Cnuibacter physcomitrellae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is XA T (5CGMCC 1.15041 T 5DSM 29843 T ).
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