Review 241Introduction Extra-abdominal relevant anatomy Anatomical basis: The anterior abdominal wall has four muscles that are penetrated at all entries: rectus abdominis, external obliquus abdominis, internal obliquus abdominis, and transversus abdominis. Although the penetrating areas are variable in laparoscopy, the usual trocar placement uses similar inserting areas. Therefore, it is obligatory for any surgeon to be experienced in the anatomy of the abdominal wall and its consecutive relevant anatomical structures. There are no significant vascular structures that need to be respected upon insertion of the subumbilical trocar. Solely, strict attention has to be given to holding to the median line to avoid any accidental damage to paramedian structures. There are two arteries in the superficial abdominal wall that should be visualized. Damage to these arteries should be avoided because even superficial incisions can lead to severe bleeding that requires the conversion from laparoscopy to laparotomy. Both vessels can be visualized by diaphanoscopy (Figures 1-4). Trocar placement is performed, dependent on the corresponding internal site, at a 90° angle to the abdominal wall once the aiming point has been located. The superficial epigastric artery arises from the femoral artery approximately 1 cm below the inguinal ligament through the fascia cribrosa, turns upward in front of the inguinal ligament, and then ascends while spreading out between the two layers of the superficial fascia of the abdominal wall, nearly as far as the umbilicus. The circumflex iliac superficial artery originates from the femoral artery close to the superficial epigastric artery. After perforating the fascia lata, it runs parallel to the inguinal ligament and laterally to the iliac crist while spreading into smaller branches (1). Places for trocar insertionThe laparoscope and optic trocar should be inserted, whenever possible, in the subumbilical region using a semilunar or straight incision (Figure 1). Only if trocar placement is not possible, e.g., due to severe adhesions or large intra-abdominal tumors, are alternative entry sites negotiated, e.g., above the umbilicus or Palmer's point (Figure 5), as a precursor entry site.The placement for the working trocars depends on the operation. If the operative focus is located in the pelvis and no large tumor is expected to be touching the umbilical region, the two working trocars can be inserted in the lower abdominal wall in a vessel-free area, as confirmed by diaphanoscopy. Any auxiliary trocar can be placed in the midline suprasymphysically or left of the midline. A maximum distance between the optic trocar and the working trocars should be Although the anatomy of the human being has not changed, technical developments in operating materials and methods demand a simultaneous development in operative management. Developments in electronic and optical technologies permit many gynecological operations to be performed laparoscopically. One fundamental distinction between any other operating...
Background/Aims: Leukocytes and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are often used to detect infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic and screening validity of leukocytes and CRP levels as well as body temperature >38° C to predict infections after laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy. Methods: The study included 287 patients suffering from genital prolapse higher than POP-Q I. In addition to the sacrocolpopexy, a laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy was performed in cases of preexisting uterus (n = 171). Leukocytes and CRP levels were analyzed preoperatively and 4 days after surgery. Early and late onset of infections was documented. Results: Urinary tract infection was identified as the most frequent early postoperative complication (11.4%). Early wound infections were found in 2.8% of the patients (8/287). Late onset of infections was found in 1% of patients (3/287). Areas under ROC curves were low for both leukocytes (0.52, 95% CI: 0.37-0.66) and CRP levels (0.60, 95% CI: 0.44-0.77). Conclusion: Our findings question the benefit of routine determination of leukocytes and CRP levels 4 days after surgery. The sensitivity and specificity of leukocytes and CRP levels are probably more significant after normalization of the initial tissue response (days 8-10).
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