AIMTo confirm previous conclusions on Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) CNCM I-3856 for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) management.METHODSAn individual patient data meta-analysis was performed on two randomized clinical trials studying the effect of S. cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 supplementation on gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in IBS subjects. A total of 579 IBS subjects were included. Outcomes were the daily Likert scale scores of abdominal pain/discomfort and bloating [area under the curve (AUC) and weekly means], responder status, and bowel movements (stool frequency and consistency). Statistical analyses were conducted in Intent to Treat (ITT) population, IBS-C subjects and IBS-C subjects with an abdominal pain/discomfort score higher than or equal to 2 at baseline (“IBS-C ≥ 2 subpopulation”).RESULTSS. cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 significantly improved abdominal pain/discomfort and bloating during the second month of supplementation [AUC (W5-W8)] with improvement up to the minimal clinically relevant threshold of 10%: a 12.3% reduction of abdominal pain/discomfort in the ITT population compared to the Placebo group (P = 0.0134) has been observed. In the IBS-C ≥ 2 subpopulation, there were a 13.1% reduction of abdominal pain/discomfort and a 14.9% reduction of bloating compared to the Placebo group (P = 0.0194 and P = 0.0145, respectively). GI symptoms significantly decreased during supplementation but no statistical differences were reported between groups at the end of the supplementation period. Responder status was defined as a subject who experienced a decrease of 1 arbitrary unit (a.u.) or 50% of the abdominal discomfort score from baseline for at least 2 wk out of the last 4 wk of the study. A significant difference between groups was reported in the ITT population, when considering the first definition: subjects in the Active group had 1.510 higher odds to be a responder (reduction of 1 a.u. of abdominal pain/discomfort) compared with subjects in the Placebo group (P = 0.0240). At the end of supplementation period, stool consistency in the Active group of the ITT population was significantly improved and classified as “normal” compared to Placebo (respectively 3.13 ± 1.197 a.u. vs 2.58 ± 1.020 a.u., P = 0.0003). Similar results were seen in the IBS-C ≥ 2 subpopulation (Active group: 3.14 ± 1.219 a.u. vs Placebo group: 2.59 ± 1.017 a.u., P = 0.0009).CONCLUSIONThis meta-analysis supports previous data linking S. cerevisiae I-3856 and improvement of GI symptoms, in IBS overall population and in the IBS-C and IBS-C ≥ 2 subpopulations.
The intracellular rate-limiting capability of phosphofructokinase in baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) fermentation is investigated using the reaction path analysis discussed by Liao and Lightfoot in a previous article. It is found that the yeast cells under our experimental conditions indeed exhibit the characteristic behavior, and the characteristic reaction path on the G6P-ATP phase plot is determined for cells fed with different sugars, cells of different strains, and cells in the transition period following rehydration. Results suggest that phosphofructokinase does not limit the CO(2) production rate of the cells under investigation. However, it is not present in a great excess either: ca. 80% of phosphofructokinase activity is utilized by the glycolytic pathway of the cell under investigation.
Genetic analysis of meiotic recombination has illustrated that recombination occurs by both gene conversion and reciprocal exchange (1). Molecular models proposed to explain these phenomena invoke the introduction of single-strand nicks (breakage of one phosphodiester bond) or gaps into the DNA of homologous chromosomes to initiate interactions which result in both conversion and reciprocal events (2, 3). The purpose of this study was to determine the timing and extent of single-strand and double-strand scissions of chromosomal DNA as diploid cells stimulated to enter meiosis become committed to genetic recombination. Yeast diploids are favorable material for a study of this type. Intact chromosomal DNA duplexes can be obtained by lysis of spheroplasts prepared from yeast cells. The chromosomes of yeast are unineme and consist of DNA duplexes ranging in molecular weight from 5 X 107 to 1.4 X 109 (4-6). These molecules can be fractionated by sedimentation velocity in neutral sucrose gradients under appropriate conditions (4, 5) and can be examined for single-strand nicks or gaps by analysis of sedimentation patterns in alkaline sucrose gradient (7).We have found that meiotic yeast cells do not accumulate double-strand breaks but do accumulate single-strand breaks after the onset of premeiotic DNA synthesis and commitment to genetic recombination. Nicking of both template and newly synthesized DNA was observed. When commitment to recombination is at the full meiotic level we estimate there are two to six single-strand scissions/109 daltons of DNA per 4C meiotic cell (4C indicates four copies of each locus). The relationship of these observations to related studies of meiotic DNA metabolism and pertinent yeast genetic data is discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODSOrganism. A diploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Z193) was employed in this study. Z193 is heteroallelic at the lysine 2 (lys 2-1/lys 2-2) and tryptophan 5 (trp 5-R/trp [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] tubes and fractions were collected into 1 ml of 0.3 N NaOH containing 0.1 mg/ml of uracil. The fractions were hydrolyzed overnight at room temperature, refrigerated, neutralized with 0.5 ml of cold 0.6 N HCl and precipitated with 0.25 ml of cold
Rates of cell division and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis after shift-up with grande and mitchondrial deoxyribonucleic-acid-less petite yeasts were studied. The results indicate that simple eukaryotes behave as prokaryotes.
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