Highlights
Hydrosonic and ultrasonic reactors were compared in two-step biodiesel process.
Key part is utilizing the 3D-printed rotor–stator.
Methyl ester 99.163 wt% was produced using rotor–stator hydrodynamic reactor.
Maximum yields 97.51 vol% purified biodiesel was achieved using HC reactor.
The total average energy consumption of using HC reactor was 0.049 kW h/L.
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