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FGF21 has a role in modulating the uptake of macronutrients in the body. It is produced by the liver in response to high carbohydrate intake and acts as a signal to the brain to reduce carbohydrate intake. Liver is the main site for FGF21 production under the regulation of Unfolding Protein Response (UPR) in hepatocytes. FGF21 has an important role in regulating peripheral glucose tolerance as well as lipid metabolism. FGF21 expression in the liver depends on the PKR-like ER kinase (PERK)–eukaryotic initiation factor 2? (eIF2?)–activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) pathway. FGF21 can regulate the expression of glucose transporter 1, and increase glucose uptake. In addition, research shows that FGF21 can reduce blood sugar levels and also body weight in mice1. FGF21 can also increase insulin sensitivity by suppressing hepatic glucose production and increasing hepatic glycogen content, so that this can improve systemic glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. The researchers attempted to discover the influence of Hibiscus sadariffa on FGF21 on Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients. The method used was literature review with data generated from various sources such as Google Scholar, Scopus, and Pubmed. FGF21 has an effect on the function of ? and ß cells in the pancreas organ. In the islets of the pancreatic organs of rats with DM, administration of FGF21 increased insulin levels, induced insulin secretion, and inhibited glucagon secretion.

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Objective: Studies have shown that prolonged physical exercise increases ventricular wall mass. Physiologically, this increase is followed by an increase of mitochondrial biogenesis. However, increases of ventricular mass in some cardiovascular diseases are not followed by an increase of PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), a marker of mitochondrial biogenesis. No data regarding cardiac PGC-1α during an excessive physical exercise program that causes pathological conditions (overtraining) are available. Thus, we aimed to determine the effect of overtraining on cardiac hypertrophy index and PGC-1α level. Furthermore, we aimed to elucidate the cardio protective effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. (HSL) administration on these cardiac parameters. Methods: Twenty-five male adult Wistar rats aged 8–10 w were randomly divided into five groups: control (C), control-HSL (C-HSL), aerobic training (A), overtraining (OT), and overtraining-HSL (OT-HSL). Treatments were conducted five times a week, for 11 w. Differences in heart mass were determined by measuring ratios of ventricular weight to body weight (hypertrophy index). PGC-1α levels were measured using an ELISA method. Results: We found that overtraining increased ventricular wall mass; however, it did not increase cardiac PGC-1α levels, whereas mild-aerobic exercise robustly increased cardiac levels of PGC-1α. Furthermore, administration of a methanol extract of HSL did not show any significant effect on cardiac mass or PGC-1α level. Conclusion: Thus, our study showed that ventricular hypertrophy elicited by overtraining conditions was not followed by an increase in cardiac PGC-1α, and administration of H. sabdariffa extract did not ameliorate this condition.