The relationship between hydrological connectivity and species diversity patterns (alpha and beta diversity) of macrophytes, molluscs, odonates and amphibians was investigated in a semi‐natural floodplain segment in the ‘Alluvial Zone National Park’ of the Danube River in Austria. Based on environmental variables, we distinguished four major channel types (inflow channel, parapotamal, plesiopotamal and palaeopotamal) that reflected a lateral connectivity gradient. In addition, a longitudinal environmental gradient along the parapotamal channel was found. Connectivity, rather than the surface area of individual floodplain water bodies, explained local species richness. Species diversity patterns varied among taxa: the highest species richness values for molluscs occurred in the parapotamal channels, for odonates in the para‐ and plesiopotamal channels, for macrophytes in the plesiopotamal channels and for amphibians in the palaeopotamal channels. Within the parapotamal channels, the species richness of odonates and amphibians increased moving upstream. Beta diversity displayed an almost inverse relationship with alpha diversity, with highest average values in isolated and fragmented floodplain channels. Habitat fragmentation favoured the beta diversity of most groups, although connectivity favoured the beta diversity of amphibians. The highest proportion of endangered species (mainly rheophilic forms) was found in the parapotamal channels. It is concluded that preservation of the high diversity of this alluvial flood plain would be more fully realised by reconstitution of fluvial dynamics and the associated connectivity gradients, rather than by restoration strategies for individual groups or endangered species. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Located in the Mediterranean climate zone, Turkey is one of the countries where hundreds of forest fires occur every year. Especially the West Taurus is one of the most affected areas. Some fires occur naturally due to the climatic facts. The fires occurring due to negligence or intent also expand their domain largely in the control of climate elements. Therefore, it is of great importance to determine the natural fire risk of the region depending on the climatic factors. In this study, to determine the natural fire risk, the Keetch-Byram Drought Index was used and The Inverse Distance Weighting method was applied to the index results by using the Arc GIS software. Also in our study, the results obtained with the Keetch-Byram Drought Index were compared on a monthly level with the number of fires occurred in 2011 in the same area. Both the accuracy of the Keetch-Byram Drought Index and also distribution of natural fire risk areas in the Western Taurus were determined. According to the findings, during the period from July to November, when drought increases, the values increased based on meteorological conditions. It can be concluded that the risk is particularly high in late summer months (August and September).
Dams are subject to study not only with their benefits but also with their effects to environment. However, sometimes the advantages can outweigh its advantages due to environmental effects. Dams which are built for both irrigation and energy production have significant effects on the environment and climate. The environmental effects of dams reflect as erosion and siltation while climatical effects reflect as local differences in climate parameters as a result of creation of greenhouse gases and large water surface by incorrect engineering planning of dams .While projects of dams on the Euphrates River which date as far back as 1930's, their construction was started after 1970. One of these dams, Keban, is highly important investments for which Turkey's electricity production and irrigation. In this study, it was analyzed whether Keban Dam created differences in climatic parameters as spatial and temporal in their environment. For this purpose, two non-parametric methods (Mann-Kendall rank correlation test and Sen's slope estimate) were used to detect the meteorological variables' trends. Data stations in which are located close to dam and relatively distant from the dam were used. As a result, while temporal differences were determined in average temperature, temporal and spatial differences were determined in humidity values. Key words:Dam's effect, Keban Dam, climate change, humidity, temperature, precipitation. ÖzetBarajlar son yıllarda sadece sağladıkları faydalarla değil, çevreye etkileri ile de inceleme konusu olmaktadırlar. Hatta bazen çevreye etki bakımından dezavantajları avantajlarına ağır basabilmektedir. Gerek sulama gerekse de enerji üretimi amaçlı inşa edilen barajların çevre ve iklimsel etkileri yıllardır tartışılan konulardandır. Barajların çevresel etkisi erozyon, ekosisteme etkisi ve siltasyon olarak yansırken, iklimsel etkisi ise barajın mühendislik açıdan yanlış planlanmasına dayalı olan sera gazı üretimi ve büyük su kütlesi yüzeyi oluşturması nedeniyle iklim parametrelerinde yarattığı yerel değişimler şeklinde özetlenebilir. Fırat nehri üzerinde yer alan barajların projeleri 1930'lara kadar dayanmakla birlikte, bu barajların inşaları 1970'lerden sonra başlamıştır. Bu barajlardan Keban Türkiye elektrik üretiminde ve sulamada oldukça önem arz eden yatırımlardır. Çalışmada Keban barajının bulunduğu çevrede zamansal ve alansal olarak iklimsel bir farklılık oluşturup oluşturmadığı analiz edilmiştir. Bu amaçla, meteorolojik verilerin eğilimlerini belirlemek için non-parametrik iki method (Mann-Kendall sıra korelasyon testi ve Sen'in eğilim tahmini) kullanılmıştır. Baraj yakınındaki ve baraja nispeten uzak istasyonlara ait meteorolojik veriler kullanılmış ve sonuçta sıcaklıklarda zamansal; bağıl nem değerlerinde ise zamansal ve alansal değişimler tespit edilmiştir.
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